Icalici No Buteko Mu Byzantium
Icalici No Buteko Mu Byzantium
KATENDEKA wa Bwina Kristu alondolwele bwino ubupusano bwaba pa bakonshi bakwe na bantu abaitalusha kuli Lesa. Yesu aebele abakonshi bakwe ati: “Amuba aba pano isonde, aba pano isonde nga batemwa ababo bene; lelo ico tamuli ba pano isonde, lelo ine namusalile mu ba pano isonde, e co aba pano isonde bamupatila.” (Yohane 15:19) Kuli Pilato uwali mwiminishi wa buteko bwa bupolitiki mu nshiku shakwe, Yesu abilishe ati: “Ubufumu bwandi te bwa pano nse.”—Yohane 18:36.
Pa kubomba umulimo uwa kushimikila “ukufika ku mpela ya pano nse,” Abena Kristu bali no kutaluka ku kupumfyanishiwa ne milandu ya calo. (Imilimo 1:8) Ukupala Yesu, Abena Kristu ba mu kubangilila tabali no kuitumpa
Yohane 6:15) Calimoneke fye ukuti Abena Kristu ba busumino tabalekwatamo ififulo mu buteko. Mu kupita kwa nshita ifintu fyalyalwike.
mu mapolitiki. (“Aba Pano Isonde”
Pa numa lintu umutumwa wa kulekelesha afwile, bashimapepo mu kuitemenwa batampile ukwalula ifyo balemona imipepele ne calo. Batendeke ukwelenganya “ubufumu” ubwali pano isonde kabili ubwalekonke fya pano isonde. Ukubebeta ukwikatana ukwaliko pa mipepele na mapolitiki mu Buteko bwa Byzantine—Ubuteko bwa ciRoma ubwa ku Kabanga, pamo no musumba wa buteko uwali kale mu Byzantium (pali lelo ni Istanbul)—kuti kwayafwa ukumfwikisha.
Apo imipepele yalikwete umulimo uukalamba mu bwikashi, Icalici lya Byzantine, ilyakwete icifulo cikalamba mu Byzantium lyatekele ku maka. Uwasoma imilandu ya kale iya Macalici Panayotis Christou inshita imo atile: “Abena Byzantine basumine ukuti ubuteko bwabo ubwa pano isonde bwali cipasho ca Bufumu bwa kwa Lesa.” Lelo, ubufumu ubwaleteka tabwasumine ico. E co, inshita shimo ukwikatana pa kati ke Calici no Buteko kwali kwa cimfulumfulu. Icitabo ca The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium citila: “Bashikofu ba ku Constantinople [nangu Byzantium] bali ne mibele iyapusanapusana, no kunakila ku mfumu yaleteka mwenso mwenso . . . , ukubombela pamo na kateka . . . , no kulwisha sana ku maka ico kateka alefwaya.”
Umukalamba we calici lya mu Constantinople, uwaletungulula Icalici lya
ku Kabanga, e wakwete ubulashi. E walefwika kateka icilongwe ca bufumu, e co aleenekela no kuti uyu kateka akalacingilila Icalici. Kabili umukalamba we calici ali sana umukankaala, pantu aleyangalila ifyuma ifingi ifye calici. Amaka apeelwe yafumine ku bulashi akwete pa baume abashimbe abaipeeleshe ku fya mapepo na ku bantuuntu fye.Ilingi line umukalamba we calici ali na maka ya kusuusha kateka. Alikwete na maka ya kutamfya—no kucita ico atemenwe ukubomfya ishina lya kwa Lesa nelyo ukubomfya inshila shimbi isha kufumyapo bakateka.
Pa mulandu wa kuti imilimo yalicepele ku nse ya musumba wa bwangalishi, bashikofu bakwatishe amaka mu misumba, kwati ni bashamfumu abo basalile mu misumba. Bashikofu balebomba pa milandu ya bupingushi iya mu cilye na pa milandu ya makwebo lyonse ilyo icalici lyalekumwako na pa nshita lishalekumwako. Icalengele kufula kwa bashimapepo
na baume abashimbe abaipeeleshe ku fya mapepo abaleinashisha kuli bashikofu babo.Amapolitiki no Kushite Ififulo mu Calici
Nga fintu twamona, umulimo wa bushimapepo wabikilwe pamo no wa mapolitiki. Na kabili, ubwingi bwa bashimapepo ne milimo yabo iya mapepo fyalefwaya indalama ishingi. Bashimapepo abengi abali mu fifulo fya pa mulu bali ni bakanabesa. Ilyo icalici lyanonkele amaka ne cuma, ubupiina bwa batumwa no butakatifu bwalipwile. Bashimapepo bamo na bashikofu batendeke ukushite fifulo. Ukushita ififulo mu calici kwalisekele ukufuma fye ku bakwete ififulo finono ukufika na ku bakwete ififulo fikalamba mu buteko. Bashimapepo baletungililwa na mabumba ya bantu abakankaala balelwisha ukupeelwa ififulo mu calici kuli kateka.
Kabili amafisakanwa yalebomfiwa mu kusonga bashimapepo abakokwele. Ilyo Namfumu Zoe (mupepi na 978-1050 C.E.) aipeye umulume wakwe Romanus III no kufwaya ukuupwa ku o atemenwe uwali no kuba Kateka Michael IV, mu kwangufyanya aitile kwi sano Umukalamba wa bashikofu Alexius. Kwi sano umukalamba wa bashikofu aishibe pa mfwa ya kwa Romanus na malipilo yaenekelwe mu kusefya ubwinga. Nangu cingati icalici lyalesefya Cisano wa Mulungu Utakatifu cilya cungulo tacali bwino kuli Alexius. Lelo, alipokelele ubupe ukufuma kuli namfumu no kumupeele nsambu.
Ukunakila Uwaleteka
Inshita shimo mu Buteko bwa Byzantine, uwaleteka alebomfya ubulashi mu kusonta umukalamba we calici lya Constantinople. Muli isho nshita, takwali uwaleba umukalamba we calici nelyo ukukokolapo pali ico cifulo nga tasalilwe kuli kateka.
Kateka Andronicus II (1260-1332) acimwene icalinga ukusesha abakalamba ba mu calici ukufika ku miku 9. Ilingi line, ubufwayo bwali bwa kubika pali ico cifulo ca kuba umukalamba we calici umuntu uwinganakila sana kateka. Ukulingana ne citabo ca The Byzantines, umukalamba we calici umo alaile kateka pa kulemba ukuti “nkacita conse ico kateka anomba, nangu tacili mwi funde, kabili nshakacite conse icingakalifya kateka.” Imiku ibili bakateka balefwaya ukupatikisha icalici ukucita ifyo balefwaya pa kusonta cilolo uwa mu lupwa lwa bufumu ukuba umukalamba we calici. Kateka Romanus I akushishe umwana wakwe umwaume Theophylact, uwa myaka fye 16, ukumupyanika pa cifulo ca kuba umukalamba mu calici.
Nga umukalamba mu calici afilwa ukucita ico kateka afwaya, kateka aleeba icilye ce calici ukumufumya pa cifulo. Icitabo ca Byzantium citila: “Mu lyashi lya kale ilya buteko bwa mu Byzantine abalashi abengi na Kateka e bakwete amaka sana pa kusala bashikofu.”
Kabili pa kutangilila icilye mu calici kateka aleba mupepi no mukalamba we calici. Aletungulula ukulanshanya, aleteyanya ifyebo fikumine cisumino, alepaasha na bashikofu pamo na basangu, abo mukulekelesha aleipaya pa cimuti. Kabili kateka e waleshininkisha ukuti amafunde ya cilye yakonkwa. Abalemukanya tabalepeelwa fye mulandu wa kusaalula imfumu lelo no mulandu wa kuba abalwani be calici na Lesa. Umukalamba we calici umo mu myaka ya ba 500 atile: “Takuli icifwile
ukucitwa mu Calici icapusana ne fyo ifunde lya kwa Kateka lifwaya.” Bashikofu abalelanda bwino mu cilye, abalenashiwa bwangu ne fyalecitika tabalelwisha ababacilile.Ku ca kumwenako, ilyo Umukalamba we Calici Ignatius (mupepi na 799-878 C.E.) akene ukulya umukate no kunwa pamo no Mutumikishi Mukalamba Bardas, umutumikishi alwishishe Ignatius. Bardas atungenye Ignatius ukuti ali na mapange ya kumwipaya no kwimina ubufumu. Uyu mukalamba we calici balimwikete no kumutamfya. Pa cifulo cakwe, umutumikishi apyanikepo Photius umuntu yaweyawe ukuba umukalamba mu calici mu nshiku mutanda. Bushe Photius alifikilepo ukupeelwa ici cifulo ca kuba umukalamba mu calici? Bamulondolola ukuti “alicenjele mu kufwaya ukulumbuka, aleituntumba sana, kabili ali uwakampuka mu mapolitiki.”
Icifundisho na Mapuolitiki
Ukucila ukuletako ififundisho fipya mu calici, icalekuma bakateka abengi kukansana mu milandu ye calici na mu kusangukile cisumino kabili te lingi kwaleba ifikansa fya mapolitiki. Ilingi line, kateka ali ne nsambu ya kupampamika icisambilisho no kupatikisha aba mu calici ukulacikonka.
Ku ca kumwenako, Kateka Heraclius (575-641 C.E.) alyeseshe sana ukupwisha amalekano aya musango wa kwa Kristu ayaletinya ukupatukanya ubufumu bwakwe ubushali na maka. Mu kwesha ukuyasuminisha, aleteleko icifundisho cipya icaleitwa Ukusumina mu Bufwayo bwa Umo (Monothelitism). * Kabili pa kushininkisha ukuti aba mu citungu ca buteko bwakwe aba ku kapinda ka ku kulyo banakila, Heraclius asalile umukalamba we calici mupya uwa ku Alexandria, Cyrus wa ku Phasis uwasuminishe icifundisho imfumu yatungilile. Kateka alashike Cyrus ukuba umukalamba we calici kabili umulashi wa Egupti, uwalashikwe pali bashamfumu. Ilyo abantu batitikishiwe ku mulandu wa kupakasa kunono, abantu abengi abali mwi calici lya Egupti basumiine Cyrus.
Ifyacitike Ifyabipa
Bushe ifi fyacitike kuti fyalanga shani ubupilibulo bwa mashiwi ye pepo lya kwa Yesu ku bakonshi bakwe aya kuti ‘tabali ba pano isonde’?—Yohane 17:14-16.
Abaleitunga ukuba intungulushi sha Bwina Kristu mu nshita sha Byzantine na pa numa balilobolola ifyakufumamo fyabipa pa mulandu wa kuitumpa mu fikansa fya calo na mu nkondo. Bushe ili lyashi ilipi twabebeta litweba cinshi? Bushe intungulushi she Calici lya Byzantine shalisenaminwe kuli Lesa na Yesu Kristu?—Yakobo 4:4.
Bashimapepo abaibililika e lyo na bapolitishani ababatemwa tabanonsha ubuKristu bwa cine. Uku kubombela pamo ukushasanguluka ukwa mapolitiki ne mipepele kwalibifya ishina lya kupepa kwasanguluka uko Yesu asambilishe. Shi natusambilileko kuli ili lyashi no kukanaba “ulubali lwa pe isonde.”
[Futunoti]
^ para. 22 Icisumino ca Monothelitism cisosa ukuti nangu cingati muli Kristu mwaba Lesa e lyo no muntu, Kristu ali no bufwayo bumo.
[Akabokoshi ne Cikope pe bula 10]
“UKUIMONA NGA LESA”
Ifyacitike ku Mukalamba we Calici Michael Cerularius (mupepi na 1000-1059) filangilila ico umukalamba we calici engacita mu milandu ya Buteko ne co alefwaisha ukuba. Ilyo Cerularius apeelwe icifulo ca bukalamba alefwaya ukuba pa mulu sana. Bamulondolola ukuti ali ne cilumba, aleituumika, kabili talenakila—“mu mibele aleimona nga Lesa.”
Pa mulandu wa kufwaya ukuininikisha, Cerularius aimishe amalekano na papa mu Rome mu 1054, kabili apatikishe kateka ukusuminisha amalekano. Cerularius alitemenwe pali uku kucimfya kabili ateyenye ukubika Michael VI pa bufumu no kumutungilila ukuti akoshe amaka yakwe. Umwaka wakonkelepo, Cerularius apatikishe kateka ukufuma pa bufumu no kulashikapo Isaac Comnenus (mupepi na 1005-1061) ukuba kateka.
Ukukansana pali shikofu mukalamba uwe calici no buteko kwalikulileko. Mu kwafwilishiwa ne cintubwingi Cerularius atinishe kabili apatikishe no kwalukila ku lukaakala. Uwasoma imilandu ya kale uwa mu nshiku shakwe atile: “Asobele ukuti Kateka akacimfiwa, alandile amashiwi yabi ukuti, ‘nalikucindamika, we mpelwa mano; lelo ndi no kukonaula.’” Lelo, Isaac Comnenus alimukakile, amubikile mu cifungo, no kumutamfisha ku Imbros.
Ifi fya kumwenako filangilila amafya umukalamba we calici lya Constantinople aleleta ne fyo alelwisha nga nshi uwaleteka. Ilingi kateka alebomba na bantu ba musango yo, abali ni bapolitishani balamuka, abalemulwisha kabili abalelwisha ne fita fyakwe.
[Mapu ne Cikope pe bula 9]
(Nga mulefwaya ukumona mapu, moneni muli magazini)
Uko Buteko Bwa Byzantine Bwapelele
Ravenna
Roma
MAKEDONIA
Constantinople
Bemba wa Black Sea
Nicaea
Efese
Antioke
Yerusalemu
Alekesandria
Bemba wa Mediterranean
[Abatusuminishe]
Mapu: Mountain High Maps® Copyright © 1997 Digital Wisdom, Inc.
[Ifikope pe bula 10, 11]
Comnenus
Romanus III (ku kuso)
Michael IV
Namfumu Zoe
Romanus I (ku kuso)
[Abatusuminishe]
Comnenus, Romanus III, na Michael IV: Ukusuminishiwa na ba Classical Numismatic Group, Inc.; Empress Zoe: Hagia Sophia; Romanus I: Icikope casuminishiwe na ba Harlan J. Berk, Ltd.
[Icikope pe bula 12]
Photius
[Icikope pe bula 12]
Heraclius no mwana wakwe umwaume
[Abatusuminishe]
Heraclius no mwana wakwe umwaume: Icikope ukusuminishiwa na ba Harlan J. Berk, Ltd.; fyonse ifilengelwe pa mabula 8-12: Fifumine mu citabo ca L’Art Byzantin III Ravenne Et Pompose