Ifiinga Bashula Filanga Ukuti Amalyashi ya mu Baibolo ya Cine

BAIBOLO Cebo ca kwa Lesa icapuutwamo. (2 Timote 3:16) Ifyo Baibolo yalanda pa bantu, impanga, imipepele, na mabufumu yaliko kale fya cine. Kwena ifyo bashula te filenga tucetekele ukuti amalyashi yaba mu Baibolo ya cine, lelo filatwafwa ukumfwikisha amalyashi ayo Amalembo yalandapo.

Ilingi line nga baleshula ifya kushulashula pa ncende apabelele kale imisumba, ifyo basanga sana fiinga fya nongo. Kale sana, aba mu fyalo ifingi ifya ku Middle East, ku Egupti, na ku Mesopotamia, balelemba ifyebo pa fiinga pantu tabalepoosapo indalama. Balelembapo ifyalekanalekana kwati fye ni filya fine tubomfya amapepala pali ino nshita. Ilingi line balebomfya inki pa kulemba pa fiinga kabili balelembapo ishiwi limo nelyo ifyebo ifingi sana.

Mu Israele balishula ifiinga ifingi ifyo abantu balebomfya pa nshita balelemba Baibolo. Ifiinga twingatemwa sana ukulandapo ni filya bashulile pa ncende shitatu ifyo balebomfya mu myaka ya ba600 na ba700 B.C.E. pantu filanga ukuti amalyashi yalekanalekana ayaba mu Baibolo ya cine. Ifi fiinga bafishulile apabelele umusumba wa Samaria, umusumba wa Aradi, no musumba wa Lakishi. Lekeni nomba tulande pa fyebo ifyalembwa pa fiinga bashulile muli iyi misumba itatu.

Ifiinga Bashulile Apabelele Samaria

Umusumba wa Samaria wali e musumba uukalamba mu bufumu bwa mikowa 10 ubwa Israele mpaka fye na lintu abena Ashuri bacimfishe Israele mu 740 B.C.E. Pali 1 Ishamfumu 16:23, 24 palatweba ifyo uyu musumba baukuulile, patila: “Mu mwaka wa makumi yatatu na umo kuli Asa imfumu ya bena Yuda [mu 947 B.C.E.] Omri atendeke ukuteka Israele . . . E lyo ashitile ulupili lwa Samaria kuli Shemere muli bakikari babili ba silfere; akuulile pa lupili, no kwinike shina lya musumba untu akuulile Samaria.” Umusumba wa Samaria e ko wali na lintu abena Roma batampile ukuteka, kabili baishileupeela ishina limbi ilya kuti Sebaste. Lelo mu myaka ya ba500 C.E. uyu musumba walyonaike nakalya nakalya.

Mu 1910, ilyo baleshula ifya kushulashula pa ncende apali kale umusumba wa Samaria, abashula ifya kushulashula basangile ifiinga ifyo batile balefibomfya mu myaka ya ba700 B.C.E. Ifyebo fyaba pali ifi fiinga fyalanda pa fyo abena Samaria baleshita amafuta ya kwipikila no mwangashi ku ncende ishalekanalekana ishali mupepi no yu musumba. Icitabo cimo calanda pali ifi fiinga ukuti: “Abashula ifya kushulashula bamona kwati ifiinga 63 ifyo bashulile mu 1910 . . . e fyacindama sana pantu paba ifyebo ifyo abena Israele abaikeleko kale sana balembele. Icalenga balefimona ukuti fyalicindama nga nshi, te fyebo balembapo . . . lelo ni fintu balondolola bwino sana amashina ya bantu, imikowa, ne mpanga isho babapeele.” (Ancient Inscriptions—Voices From the Biblical World) Bushe aya mashina yalanga shani ukuti amalyashi yaba mu Baibolo ya cine?

Lintu abena Israele bapokele Icalo ca Bulayo no kucakanya mu mikowa, incende apabelele umusumba wa Samaria yali mu mpanga iyo bapeele ku ba mu mukowa wa kwa Manase. Yoshua 17:1-6 itweba ukuti indupwa 10 isha mu mukowa wa kwa Manase, e kutila abana ba mwishikulu wakwe Gileadi, bashipeele impanga apabela iyi ncende. Ishi shali ni ndupwa sha kwa Abiesere, Heleke, Asiriele, Shekemu, na Shemida. E lyo Hefere umwaume walenga 6, takwete umwishikulu umwaume lelo akwete fye abeshikulu abanakashi basano, Maala, Noa,  Hogla, Milka, na Tirsa, kabili aba bonse balibapeele impanga shabo.—Impendwa 27:1-7.

Pa fiinga bashulile apabelele Samaria paba ifyebo filanda pa ndupwa 7 e kutila amashina yonse aya bana baume basano aba kwa Gileadi na mashina yabili aya beshikulu ba kwa Hefere abakashana, Hogla na Noa. Icitabo cimo citila: “Amashina ya ndupwa ayo balemba pali ifi fiinga yalanga ukuti ifyo Baibolo yalanda pa ndupwa sha mu mukowa wa kwa Manase na pa mpanga babapeele ukulaikalamo fya cine.” (NIV Archaeological Study Bible) Kanshi ifi fiinga filanga ukuti ifyo Baibolo yalanda pa mikowa ya kale iya mu Israele fya cine.

Cimoneka kwati ifiinga bashulile apabelele Samaria filanga no kuti imipepele ya bena Israele yali fye nga filya fine Baibolo yalanda. Ilyo balelemba ifyebo fyaba pa fiinga bashulile apabelele Samaria, abena Israele tabalepepa fye Yehova eka lelo balepepa na Baali, lesa wa bena Kanaani. Ukusesema kwa kwa Hosea uko balembele pa nshita imo ine mu myaka ya ba700 B.C.E., kwasobele inshita ilyo abena Israele bali no kulapila no kulaita Yehova ukuti “Umulume wandi,” kabili tabali na kulamwita ukuti “Baali wandi.” (Hosea 2:16, 17) Amashina yamo ayo basanga pa fiinga bashulile apabelele Samaria yapilibula ukuti “Baali ni tata,” “Baali alemba inyimbo,” “Baali alikosa,” “Baali alatwibukisha,” e lyo na fimbi ifyalekanalekana. Ukupepa Baali kwaliseekele sana ica kuti amashina ayengi aya bena Israele yalekwata ne filembo fye shina “Baali.”

Ifiinga Bashulile Apabelele Aradi

Umusumba wa Aradi waliko kale sana kabili wali mu matololo mu ncende iyo baleita ukuti Negebu iyali ku kapinda ka ku kulyo aka Yerusalemu. Ifyo bashula apabelele umusumba wa Aradi filanda pa misumba 6 iyacingililwe bwino sana mu Israele, ukutula pa nshita Solomone ali imfumu (mu 1037-998 B.C.E.) mpaka na lintu abena Babiloni baonawile Yerusalemu mu 607 B.C.E. Abaleshula ifya kushulashula apabelele Aradi basangile ifiinga ifingi ifyo balembelepo ifyebo pa nshita balelemba Baibolo. Pali ifi fiinga paba ifiinga ukucila pali 200 ifyo balembapo iciHebere, iciAramaic, ne ndimi shimbi.

Ifiinga fimo ifyo bashulile apabelele Aradi filanga ukuti ifyo Baibolo yalanda pa ndupwa umwalefuma bashimapepo fya cine. Ica kumwenako fye, pa ciinga cimo balembapo ukuti “abana baume ba kwa Kora,” abo na Baibolo yalandapo pa Ukufuma 6:24 na pa Impendwa 26:11. Utulembo twaba pa muulu wa Amalumbo 42, 44–49, 84, 85, 87 na 88 tulanga ukuti abalembele aya malumbo “bana ba kwa Kora.” Indupwa shimbi umwalefuma bashimapepo isho balumbula pa fiinga bashulile apabelele Aradi ni ndupwa sha kwa Pashihuri na Mereemote.—1 Imilandu 9:12; Esra 8:33.

Natulande pa ca kumwenako na cimbi. Mu fitantaala fya musumba, uo batila baonawile lintu papitile fye inshita iinono ilyo abena Babiloni bashilaonaula Yerusalemu, abashula ifya kushulashula basangile iciinga balembelepo ifyebo fya kwishibisha mushika wa uyu musumba ifyalecitika. Ifi fyebo fitila: “Kuli Shikulu Eliashibu. Shi Yahweh [Yehova] nalemupaala. . . . Filya fintu mwanjebele ukucita: fyonse fili fye bwino: aleikala mwi tempele lya kwa Yahweh.” (The Context of Scripture) Abasoma abengi batila itempele balelandapo ni lilya lyali mu Yerusalemu ilyo Solomone akuulile.

 Ifiinga Bashulile Apabelele Lakishi

Umusumba wa Lakishi wabelele lwa ku masamba ku kapinda ka ku kulyo aka Yerusalemu apali amakilomita 43. Ilyo baleshula ifya kushulashula pali ilya ncende mu 1930, basangile ifiinga ifingi, kabili pa fiinga 12 palembelwe amakalata ayo batila “yalicindama nga nshi . . . pantu yalondolola ifyo imitekele yaali mu Yuda na macushi yalecitikamo lintu Nebukadnesari [Imfumu ya bena Babiloni] ali mupepi no kusansa.”

Amakalata yacindama sana ni yalya Yoashi alelembeshanya na mushika uwakwete icifulo icinono pali ena, nalimo uyu ali ni mushika wa mu Lakishi. Amashiwi balebomfya mu makalata yabo yalipalana na mashiwi kasesema Yeremia abomfya uwaikeleko pa nshita imo ine na ba baume. Moneni ifyo ifyebo fyaba mu makalata yabili fyumfwana ne fyebo Baibolo yalandapo ukuti e fyalecitika pali ilya nshita.

Pali Yeremia 34:7, kasesema alandile pa nshita “ilyo umulalo wa mfumu ya ku Babele walelwa na Yerusalemu, na Lakishi, na Aseka; pantu iyi e yasheleko ku mishi ya kwa Yuda, imishi ya malinga.” Cimoneka kwati kalata imo iyo umushilika wali mu Lakishi alembele yalelanda pali ili line lyashi. Alembele ukuti: “Tulepembelela ukumona ifishibilo fya [mulilo] ifya musumba wa Lakishi . . . , pantu tatulemona Azeqah.” Abasoma abengi batila ici cilanga ukuti abena Babiloni balicimfishe umusumba wa Azeqah, nelyo Aseka, kabili kwashele fye ukucimfya umusumba wa Lakishi. Icacindama sana muli iyi kalata ca kuti balilandile pa “fishibilo fya mulilo.” Pali Yeremia 6:1 napo palanga ukuti kale abashilika balebomfya ifishibilo fya mulilo pa kucenjesha abanabo.

Cimoneka kwati ifyebo fyaba pali kalata imbi iyo bashulile apabelele Lakishi filomfwana ne fyasosele kasesema Yeremia na kasesema Esekiele pa fyo imfumu ya mu Yuda yalefwaya abena Egupti ukuyafwa pa kulwisha abena Babiloni. (Yeremia 37:5-8; 46:25, 26; Esekiele 17:15-17) Iyi kalata itila: “Nomba umubomfi wenu apokelela ifi fyebo fileti: Mushika mukalamba Konyahu umwana wa kwa Elnatani alolele ku kapinda ka ku kulyo pa kuti engile mu Egupti.” Abasoma batila ico ailile ku Egupti ni co alefwaya abena Egupti babafwe ukulwisha abena Babiloni.

Pa fiinga bashulile apabelele Lakishi paliba na mashina ayengi pamo nga Neria, Yasania, Gemaria, Elnatani, na Hoshaya, ayasangwa na mwi buuku lya kwa Yeremia. (Yeremia 32:12; 35:3; 36:10, 12; 42:1) Tatwaishiba nga ca kuti aya mashina yalosha ku bantu balya bene Yeremia alelandapo. Nomba apo kasesema Yeremia aliko pa nshita imo ine na bantu abalembele aya makalata, ifyo balandapo fyalipalana nga nshi.

Cimo Icisangwa pa Fiinga Bashula Muli Ishi Ncende Shitatu

Ifiinga bashulile pa ncende pabelele Samaria, Aradi, na Lakishi filanga ukuti ifyo Baibolo yalandapo fya cine. Ifi filesanshamo amashina ya ndupwa, ifyo bayakenye impanga, ne fyebo fimbi pa lwa mipepele na mabufumu yaliko pali ilya nshita. Lelo kwaliba cimo icacindama sana icisangwa pa fiinga bashula muli ishi ncende shitatu.

Mu makalata bashulile apabelele Aradi na Lakishi mwaliba amashiwi yatila “Shi Yehova amulenge ukuba no mutende.” Pa fiinga 7 ifyo bashulile apabelele Lakishi, balilembapo ishina lya kwa Lesa imiku 11. Na kabili, amashina ayengi aya mu ciHebere ayaba pa fiinga ifyo bashula muli ishi ncende shitatu yalikwata ifilembo fya kubalilapo fitatu ifye shina Yehova. Kanshi ifi fiinga filanga ukuti abena Israele pali ilya nshita balebomfya sana ishina lya kwa Lesa.

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Iciinga ico bashulile apabelele Aradi ico balembapo ifyebo batumiine Eliashibu

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Photograph © Israel Museum, Jerusalem; courtesy of Israel Antiquities Authority

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Kalata bashulile apabelele Lakishi apaba ishina lya kwa Lesa

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Photograph taken by courtesy of the British Museum