Ni Lilali Umusumba wa Yerusalemu Baonawile?—Ulubali 1

Umulandu Cacindamina Ukwishiba; Ifyo Ubushininkisho Bulanga

Ici cipande e ca kubalilapo pa fipande fibili ifilelanda pa mepusho ayo abasambilila sana bepusha pa mwaka Yerusalemu bayonawile. Icipande ca bubili cikaba mu “Ulupungu lwa kwa Kalinda” ulukonkelepo. Muli ifi fipande fibili nabasuka bwino ifipusho ifyapelenganya abantu bamo, kabili pa kwasuka babomfeshe Baibolo e lyo ne fyebo fimbi ifyo bafwailishapo sana.

“Abasambilila ilyashi lya kale na bashula ifya mu mushili batila Yerusalemu bayonawile mu 586 nelyo 587 B.C.E. * Nomba mulandu nshi mwe Nte sha kwa Yehova musosela ukuti yaonawilwe mu 607 B.C.E.? Bushe uyu mwaka mwaufumishe kwi?”

IFI e fyo umo uubelenga impapulo shesu alembele. Nomba mulandu nshi cacindamina ukwishiba umwaka Imfumu Nabukadnesari II iya ku Babiloni yaonawile umusumba wa Yerusalemu? Umulandu wa kubalilapo wa kuti ukonaulwa kwa Yerusalemu kwalengele ifintu ukwaluka sana ku bantu ba kwa Lesa. Kalemba wa lyashi lya kale umo alandile ukuti kwalengele kube “ubucushi ubwabipisha.” Lintu Yerusalemu bayonawile, itempele na lyo balilyonawile, apo abantu balepepela Lesa Wa Maka Yonse pa myaka ukucila 400. Uwaimbile amalumbo umo ailishenye ukuti: “Mwe Lesa, [inko] nashikoweshe tempele lyenu ilya mushilo, nashicita Yerusalemu ku kubo mwina wa fitantala.”—Amalumbo 79:1, 2, The Bible in Bemba, 1956. *

Umulandu wa bubili wa kuti, ukwishiba umwaka ilyo ubu “bucushi bwabipisha” bwatendeke e lyo ne fyo ukusesema kwa mu Baibolo kwafikilishiwe ukwalandile ukuti ukupepa kwa cine mu Yerusalemu kukatendeka na kabili, kuti kwalenga mwacetekela sana Icebo ca kwa Lesa. Nomba mulandu nshi Inte sha kwa Yehova balandila ukuti Yerusalemu bayonawile mu 607 B.C.E. ukupusanako ne fyo abengi baishiba ukuti ni mu 587 B.C.E., apaba ubupusano bwa myaka 20? Mu kwipifya, kuti twatila ni pa mulandu wa bushininkisho ubwaba muli Baibolo yine.

Bushe “Imyaka 70” Yakumine Bani?

Imyaka iingi ninshi na Yerusalemu tabalayonaula, kasesema umuYuda Yeremia alilandile pa cintu cacindama icali no kulenga imyaka iyalembwa mu Baibolo ukwishibikwa. Asokele “abekashi bonse aba mu Yerusalemu,” ati: “Icalo cino conse cikaba amapopa kabili ica makankamike; ne nko ishi shikabombele mfumu ya ku Babele imyaka amakumi cinelubali, (70).” (Yeremia 25:1, 2, 11, The Bible in Bemba, 1956.) Pa numa, uyu kasesema alandile no kuti: “E fyo Yehova atila: Ilyo ikapwa ku Babele imyaka amakumi cinelubali, nkapempula imwe, ne cebo candi icisuma nkacifisha kuli imwe, ku kumubwesesha kuno kuntu.” (Yeremia 29:10) Mulandu nshi iyi “myaka 70” yacindamina? Bushe  itwafwa shani ukwishiba umwaka Yerusalemu bayonawile?

Mu nshita ya kupilibula ukuti imyaka 70 “ku Babiloni,” mu maBaibolo ayengi bapilibula ukuti imyaka 70 “iyo napimina Babiloni.” (The Bible in Bemba, 1983) E mulandu wine abalemba ilyashi lya kale bamo basosela ukuti imyaka 70 yakumine Ubuteko bwa bena Babiloni. Abantu abasoma batila abena Babiloni batekele icalo ca Yuda no musumba wa Yerusalemu pa myaka 70, ukutendeka mu mwaka wa 609 B.C.E. ukufika mu 539 B.C.E. ilyo umusumba ukalamba uwa Babiloni baupokele.

Lelo Baibolo ilanga ukuti iyi myaka 70 yali no kuba ni nshita iyo Lesa ali no kukandamo abekashi ba mu Yuda na Yerusalemu abapangene nankwe icipangano ca kulamumfwila. (Ukufuma 19:3-6) Ilyo bakeene ukuleka ukucita ifyabipa, Lesa atile: “Ndetuma . . . Nebukadresari imfumu ya ku Babiloni, . . . ku kulwisha ici calo na bekashi ba ciko ne nko ishi shonse ishashingulukako.” (Yeremia 25:4, 5, 8, 9) Nangu ca kuti inko shimbi na sho shali no kukandwa na bena Babiloni, Yeremia aitile ubonaushi bwa musumba wa Yerusalemu ne myaka 70 iyakonkelepo iyo abaYuda bali mu busha ukuti “ukukandwa” kwa bantu bandi pantu Yerusalemu ‘alitaleme,’ nelyo ukubembuka nga nshi.—Inyimbo sha Bulanda 1:8; 3:42; 4:6, The Bible in Bemba, 1956.

Kanshi ukulingana ne fyo Baibolo yalanda, imyaka 70 yali ni nshita iyo Lesa akandile abaYuda icabipisha ukubomfya abena Babiloni. Lelo Lesa aebele abaYuda ati: ‘Ilyo ikapwa . . . imyaka amakumi cinelubali (70), . . . nkamubwesesha kuno kuntu,’ e kutila ku calo ca Yuda na ku Yerusalemu.—Yeremia 29:10, The Bible in Bemba, 1956.

Ni Lilali “Imyaka 70” Yatendeke?

Esra, kalemba waliko kale uwalembeleko na Baibolo, uwali pa calo ninshi palipita ne myaka 70 ukutula apo ukusesema kwa kwa Yeremia kwafikilishiwe, alembele pa Mfumu Nebukadnesari ukuti: “Abashele abomi, [Nebukadnesari] abasenda ku Babiloni. Bali no kumutumika, umwine na bamwane. Mpaka ubufumu bwa bena Persia bwaisabapoka amaka. E fyo ishiwi lya Mfumu lyafikishiwe, ilyo yalandile ku kanwa ka kwa Yeremia aiti: “Icalo ici cikalabaka isabata mu nshita yonse caonaika, cikasuke acishukilo kutuusha kwe sabata, mpaka imyaka cinelubali ikapitepo.”—2 Imilandu 36:20, 21, Diocese of Mbala.

Kanshi imyaka 70 yali no kuba ni nshita ilyo icalo ca Yuda no musumba wa Yerusalemu fyali no kushukila “ukutuusha kwe sabata.” Ici calolele mu kuti muli ici calo abantu tabali no kulimamo, ukubyalamo imbuto, nelyo ukutungwila imyangashi. (Ubwina Lebi 25:1-5) Pa mulandu wa bucintomfwa bwa bantu ba kwa Lesa, abo imembu shabo shasanshishemo nalimo no kukanalasunga Amasabata, balibakandile ica kuti pa myaka 70 icalo cali no kushala icibolya kabili tacali no kulimwamo.—Ubwina Lebi 26:27, 32-35, 42, 43.

Ni lilali icalo ca Yuda cashele icibolya kabili icabula ukulimwamo? Abena Babiloni, abatungulwilwe na Nebukadnesari, basanshile Yerusalemu imiku ibili, mu myaka iyapusana. Bushe imyaka 70 yatendeke lilali? Ukwabula no kutwishika tayatendeke ilyo Nebukadnesari ashingile Yerusalemu umuku wa kubalilapo. Mulandu nshi twingalandila ifyo? Nangu ca kutila pali ilya nshita Nebukadnesari alisendele abasha abengi no kubatwala ku Babiloni, bamo alibashile kabili taonawile no musumba. Pa myaka iingi ukutula apo Nebukadnesari asendele abasha, “abalanda ba mu calo” abashele mu Yuda balelima no kulima. (2 Ishamfumu 24:8-17) Lelo ifintu fyalyalwike icine cine.

Ilyo abaYuda bapondokele abena Babiloni, calengele ukuti abena Babiloni babwele no kusansa umusumba wa Yerusalemu na kabili. (2 Ishamfumu 24:20; 25:8-10) Balyonawile umusumba, ukubikako fye ne tempele lya mushilo, kabili basendele na bekashi abengi aba mu musumba muli bunkole ku Babiloni. Mu myeshi fye ibili, “abantu bonse [abashele mu musumba] abanono na bakalamba, na bamushika ba milalo [baile] ku Egupti; pantu batiinine abena Kaldi,” e kutila abena Babiloni. (2 Ishamfumu 25:25, 26, The Bible in Bemba, 1956) Kanshi kuti twatila mu mweshi walenga 7 uwa baYuda uwa Tishri (September/October), lintu icalo cashele icibolya kabili icabula ukulimwamo, e lyo catendeke ukutuusha kwe Sabata. Ukupitila muli Yeremia, Lesa aebele abaYuda abafulumukile ku Egupti ukuti: “Mwalimono bulanda bonse naleteele Yerusalemu ne misumba yonse iya kwa Yuda. Pa nshita ino fitantaala, umushaikala abantu.” (Yeremia 44:1, 2, Diocese of Mbala) Kanshi kuti twatila ilyo icalo  cashele icibolya, e lyo imyaka 70 yatendeke. Bushe uyu wali mwaka nshi? Pa kwasuka ici cipusho, tufwile ukwishiba ilyo imyaka 70 yapwile.

Bushe “Imyaka 70” Yapwile Lilali?

Kasesema Daniele uwaliko na lintu ubufumu bwa Persia bwatendeke ukuteka, ali mu Babiloni kabili alilwike ilyo imyaka 70 yali no kupwa. Alembele ukuti: “Ine ne Daniele nalebelenga ifitabo ifya mushilo, no kulatontonkanya pa lwa myaka amakumi cinelubali iikapitapo, apo umusumba wa Yerusalemu ukashalila icibolya, ukulingana no mo Imfumu Lesa aebeele kasesema Yeremia.”—Daniele 9:1, 2, The Bible in Bemba, 1983.

Esra alitontonkenye pa kusesema kwa kwa Yeremia kabili ayampenye ukupwa kwa “myaka 70 ku nshita SHIKULU acincishe umutima wa kwa Sailasi imfumu ya ku Persia ukubila imbila.” (2 Imilandu 36:21, 22, New International Version) Ni lilali abaYuda babalubwile? Icipope ca kubalubula cafumine mu “mwaka wa kubalilapo uwa kuteka kwa kwa Sailasi imfumu ya ku Persia.” (Belengeni akabokoshi akaleti  “Umwaka Uwacindama Nga Nshi.”) Kanshi ilyo umwaka wa 537 B.C.E. walepwa, ninshi abaYuda balibwelelamo ku Yerusalemu uko bailetendeka ukupepa kwa cine na kabili.—Esra 1:1-5; 2:1; 3:1-5.

Kanshi ukulingana no kupenda inshita ukwa mu Baibolo, imyaka 70 yali myaka ya cine cine iyapwile mu 537 B.C.E. Nga kupenda imyaka 70 ukubwelela ku numa, ninshi iyi myaka yatendeke mu 607 B.C.E.

Nomba nga ca kutila ubushininkisho bwa mu Malembo ayafuma kuli Lesa bulalanga bwino bwino ukuti Yerusalemu bayonawile mu 607 B.C.E., mulandu nshi abantu abengi bakoselapo fye ukulanda ukuti ni mu 587 B.C.E.? Kwaba ifintu fibili ifyalenga, basumina mu fyo bakalemba wa lyashi  lya kale balanda e lyo ne fyalembele Ptolemy. Bushe aba bantu e bo twingacetekela ukucila ifyalembwa mu Baibolo? Natumone.

Bushe Ifyo Bakalemba wa Lyashi Balanda fya Cine?

Bakalemba wa lyashi lya kale abaliko mupepi ne nshita Yerusalemu bayonawile balanda ifyapusanapusana pa shamfumu ishatekele mu Babiloni. * Bakalemba we lyashi beta iyi Babiloni ukuti Ubuteko bwa Babiloni Ubwalenga Bubili. (Belengeni akabokoshi kaleti  “Imfumu Shatekele mu Buteko bwa Babiloni Ubwalenga Bubili.”) Ifyo balemba pa shamfumu shatekele mu Babiloni ne myaka shatekele fyalipusana ne fyo Baibolo ilanda. Lelo bushe ifyo balemba fyalilungama?

Kalemba we lyashi umo uwaliko pa numa fye ya mitekele ya bena Babiloni ni Berossus, “shimapepo wa kwa Bel” uwa bena Babiloni. Ibuuku lya Babyloniaca, ilyo alembele nalimo mu 281 B.C.E., lyaliluba, kwashala fye utupimfya tumo tumo uto bakalemba wa malyashi bambi baabika mu fitabo balemba. Berossus atile pa kulemba ili ibuuku, abomfeshe “ifitabo ifyo basungile bwino bwino mu Babiloni.”¹ Bushe ifyo Berossus alembele fya cine? Natulande pa ca kumwenako cimo.

Berossus alembele ukuti Imfumu ya Asiria, Sankeribu apyene “munyina”; kabili “umwana wakwe [Esarihadone] uwamupyene, [atekele imyaka] 8; e lyo pakonkele Sammuges [Shamash-shuma-ukin] uwatekele imyaka 21.” (III, 2.1, 4) Lelo ifyalembwa fya bena Babiloni ifyalembelwe kale sana ilyo Berossus talabako filanga ukuti Sankeribu tapyene munyina, lelo apyene wishi Sarigone II; Esarihadone atekele imyaka 12, te myaka 8 nakalya; kabili Shamash-shuma-ukin atekele imyaka 20, te 21. Uwasoma R. J. van der Spek alembele ukuti nangu ca kutila Berossus alebomfya ifyalembwa fya bena Babiloni, “na lyo line alilundilemo ifyebo fimo kabili alembele ifyo umwine aletontonkanya.”²

Bushe abasoma bambi balandapo shani pali Berossus? S. M. Burstein uwasomene sana ifyo Berossus alembele atile: “Kale Berossus balemumona ukuti ni kalemba we lyashi umwine mwine.” Lelo asondwelele ukuti: “Ifyo alembele tafyafikapo, filanga ukuti te kalemba we lyashi umwine mwine. Na mu tupimfya twine utwe buuku lya Babyloniaca ilyo alembele, mwaliba ifilubo na pa tuntu fye utunono ica kutila kuti wapapa no kupapa . . . Te kuti mwenekele kalemba we lyashi ukupanga ifilubo fya musango yu. Lelo kwena Berossus taiminine pa kulemba pa fintu ifyacitike kale.”³

Ukulingana ne fi twalondolola, bushe muletontonkanyapo shani? Bushe kuti twatila ifyo Berossus alembele fyalilungama? Nga balya bakalemba wa lyashi bambi abalembele ifitabo ukubomfya sana ifyalembele Berossus, bushe kuti twatila ifyo balembele fyalilungama?

Ifyalembele Ptolemy

Ifyo Claudius Ptolemy, uwaliko mu ma 100 C.E. kabili uwasomene ifya maplaneti alembele pa mfumu shatekele Babiloni na fyo fyalenga abantu ukusumina ukuti Yerusalemu bayonawile mu 587 B.C.E. Ifyo Ptolemy alembele pa fyo ishamfumu shakonkene ne nshita shatekele, e fyo  abalemba ilyashi lya kale abengi bakonka pa kupenda inshita ya fyalecitika kale, ukusanshako ne nshita ishamfumu sha bena Babiloni shaleteka.

Ptolemy alembele umutande wa shamfumu ninshi palipita ne myaka nalimo 600 ukutula apo Ubuteko bwa Babiloni Ubwalenga Bubili bwawilile. Nomba aishibe shani umwaka imfumu ya kubalilapo pa mutande yatendeke ukuteka? Ptolemy alondolwele ukuti ukubomfya ifya maplaneti pamo nga ifiilisha fya mweshi, “twalipendele no kusanga umwaka Nabonassar atendeke ukuteka,” imfumu ya kubalilapo pa mutande.⁴ E mulandu wine Christopher Walker umubomfi wa pa British Museum alandile ukuti ifyo Ptolemy alembele “fyaleafwa fye abasambilile ifya maplaneti ifya kukonka pa kupenda inshita” lelo “tafyaleafwa bakalemba wa lyashi ukwishiba bwino bwino ifyo ishamfumu shakonkene na lintu shafwile.”⁵

Leo Depuydt, umo pa baletungilila ifyo Ptolemy alembele atile: “Pa myaka iingi caishibikwa ukuti ifyo Ptolemy alembele pa fya maplaneti fya cine, lelo ici tacipilibula ukuti fyalilungama ukulingana ne lyashi lya kale.” Profesa Depuydt alandile pa mutande wa shamfumu isho Ptolemy alembele ukuti: “Pa kwishiba bwino bwino ilyo imfumu imo na imo iya ku kale yatekele, [apasanshiwe ne shamfumu sha bena Babiloni], kano mwalinganya ifyo Ptolemy alembele ku fyalembwa fya kale sana ifya cuneiform.”⁶

Bushe ifi fine fyalembwa fya kale ifya cuneiform ifingalenga twaishiba nga ca kuti ifyo Ptolemy alembele fya cine, e finshi? Fipaapatu apalembelwe ifintu ifyacindama ifyacitike mu Babiloni, imitande ya shamfumu, e lyo ne fipaapaatu apalembelwe ifya bunonshi, e kutila ifyalembwa ifyalembele bakalemba abaliko pa nshita Ubuteko bwa Babiloni bwaleteka nelyo pa numa fye ya iyi nshita.⁷

Bushe ifyo Ptolemy alembele fyalipalana ne fyaba muli ifi fyalembwa fya kale sana? Akabokoshi akali pe samba akaleti,  “Bushe Ifyalembele Ptolemy Fyalipalana ne Fyalembwa pa Fipaapatu fya Kale?” kalelanga fimo ifyo Ptolemy alembele ne fyalembwa muli cuneiform. Nga mwamona, Ptolemy alembele fye pa shamfumu shine ishatekele mu Babiloni pa kati ka kwa Kandalanu na Nabonidasi. Lelo, Umutande wa Shamfumu uwa ku Uruk, uwaba pa fyalembwa fya cuneiform ulanga ukut ishamfumu 7 e shatekele pa kati ka kwa Kandalanu na Nabonidasi. Bushe ninshi ishi shamfumu tashali ishacindama kabili shatekele fye pa nshita iinono?  Ukulingana ne fi fyalembwa fya kale sana, umo pali aba atekele imyaka 7.⁸

Kwaliba ubushininkisho na bumbi ubukalamba muli ifi fyalembwa ubulanga ukuti ilyo Nabopolassar, (imfumu ya kubalilapo mu Buteko bwa Babiloni Ubwalenga Bubili), ashilatendeka ukuteka, kwali imfumu na imbi (Ashur-etel-ilani) iyatekele mu Babiloni pa myaka ine. Cimbi ca kutila, ukucila pa mwaka umo, mu Babiloni tamwali uwaleteka.⁹ Lelo fyonse ifi tafyabamo mu fyalembwa fya kwa Ptolemy.

Mulandu nshi Ptolemy ashilileko bakateka bamo? Afwile alebamona ukuti tabali ni bakateka ba cine cine.¹⁰ Ku ca kumwenako, alishileko Labashi-Marduk, imfumu ya buteko bwa Babiloni. Lelo ukulingana ne fyalembwa fya cuneiform, ishamfumu isho Ptolemy ashileko shalitekelepo mu Babiloni.

Kwena fimo ifyo Ptolemy alembele fya cine. Nomba nga twatontonkanya pa fyo ashile mu fyo alembele, bushe kuti twatila ifyo alembele e fyo twingabomfya pa kwishiba bwino bwino ilyo ifintu fyalembwa mu lyashi lya kale fyacitike?

Ifyo Twingasondwelela Ukulingana no Bushininkisho Twalandapo

Baibolo ilalanda bwino bwino ukuti abaYuda bali muli bunkole pa myaka 70. Kwaliba ubushininkisho ubwa cine cine, ubo na basoma abengi basumina, ubwa kuti abaYuda abo basendele muli bunkole balibwelelemo ku calo cabo mu 537 B.C.E. Ukupenda imyaka 70 ukufuma muli uyu mwaka ukubwelela ku numa kutufisha mu 607 B.C.E., umwaka Yerusalemu bayonawile. Nangu ca kutila ifyo bakalemba wa lyashi lya kale ne fyo Ptolemy alembele fyalipusana no yu mwaka, kuti twaipushapo amepusho yacindama pali ifi balembele nampo nga fyalilungama nelyo iyo. Lelo ifyo bakalemba wa lyashi lya kale na Ptolemy balemba te fingaba e bushininkisho bwa kulandila ukuti ifyalembwa mu Baibolo te fya cine.

Lelo, kwashala na yambi amepusho. Bushe takwaba ubushininkisho mu fyalembwa fya lyashi lya kale ubulanga ukuti Yerusalemu bayonawile mu 607 B.C.E. nge fyo Baibolo yalanda? Bushininkisho nshi ubwaba mu fyalembwa fya cuneiform, ifyalembwapo ne nshiku, ifyalembelwe na bengi abali bansangwapo wa fyalecitika? Aya e mepusho tukalandapo mu Ulupungu lwa kwa Kalinda ulukonkelepo.

[Amafutunoti]

[Akabokoshi ne Fikope pe bula 28]

 UMWAKA UWACINDAMA NGA NSHI

Kuti twasanga umwaka wa 539 B.C.E., ilyo Sailasi II acimfishe Babiloni ukubomfya ubushininkisho bwakonkapo:

▪ Ifyalemba bakalemba we lyashi lya kale ne fyalembwa pa fipaapatu fya cuneiform: Diodorus uwa ku Sisili (c. 80-20 B.C.E.) alembele ukuti Sailasi atendeke ukuteka mu Persia ku “kutampa kwa mwaka ilyo kwali amangalo ya Olympia ayalenga 55.” (Historical Library, Book IX, 21) Uyu mwaka wali ni 560 B.C.E. Kalemba we lyashi lya kale umuGriki, Herodotus (c. 485-425 B.C.E.) atile Sailasi bamwipeye “pa numa ya kuteka imyaka 29,” ici kuti calola mu kuti afwile mu mwaka walenga 30 uwa kuteka kwakwe, mu 530 B.C.E. (Histories, Book I, Clio), 214) Ifipaapatu fya cuneiform filanga ukuti Sailasi atekele Babiloni pa myaka 9 ilyo ashilafwa. Kanshi ukupenda imyaka 9 ukubwelela ku numa ukufuma mu mwaka wa 530 B.C.E. kutufisha mu 539 B.C.E. umwaka Sailasi acimfishe Babiloni.

Ubushininkisho ubwalembwa pa cipaapatu ca cuneiform: Icipaapatu ce bumba ica bena Babiloni apo balemba ifya maplaneti (BM 33066), cilanga ukuti Sailasi afwile mu 530 B.C.E. Nangu ca kutila fimo ifyo balemba pali ici cipaapatu pa fyo ifya mu muulu fyaikala pamo nga intanda, akasuba na fimbipo, te fya cine, balilondolola pa fiilisha fya mweshi fibili ifyo batila fyacitike mu mwaka walenga 7 uwa kuteka kwa kwa Cambyses II, umwana wa kwa Sailasi uwamupyene. Batila ifi fiilisha fyalilingana ne fyaliko mu Babiloni pa 16 July, 523 B.C.E., na pa 10 January 522 B.C.E., ukulangilila ukuti ku kutendeka kwa 523 B.C.E. e lyo umwaka walenga 7 uwa kuteka kwa kwa Cambyses watendeke. Ninshi umwaka wakwe uwa kubalilapo ukuteka wali ni 529 B.C.E. Kanshi umwaka wa kulekeleshako uo Sailasi atekele ufwile wali ni 530 B.C.E. Ici cilolele mu kuti mu mwaka wa 539 B.C.E., e lyo atendeke ukuteka mu Babiloni.

[Abatusuminishe]

Tablet: © The Trustees of the British Museum

[Akabokoshi pe bula 31]

MU KWIPIFYA

▪ Bakalemba we lyashi lya kale balanda ukuti Yerusalemu bayonawile mu 587 B.C.E.

▪ Ifyalembwa mu Baibolo filalanga bwino bwino ukuti bayonawile mu 607 B.C.E.

▪ Umulandu bakalemba we lyashi balandila ukuti ni mu 587 B.C.E. ni co babelenga ifyo bakalemba wa malyashi bambi balembele e lyo ne fyalembele Ptolemy.

▪ Mu fyo bakalemba we lyashi lya kale balembele mwaliba ifilubo ifikalamba kabili fimo fyalipusana ne fyalembwa pa fipaapatu fye bumba.

[Akabokoshi pe bula 31]

Ubulondoloshi

1. Babyloniaca, (Chaldaeorum Historiae), Book One, 1.1.

2. Studies in Ancient Near Eastern World View and Society, ibula 295.

3. The Babyloniaca of Berossus, ibula 8.

4. Almagest, III, 7, icapilibwilwe na G. J. Toomer, icali muli Ptolemy’s Almagest, icasabankanishiwe mu 1998, ibula 166. Ptolemy alishibe ukuti abena Babiloni abasambilile ifya maplaneti balebomfya insamushi pa kwishiba ilyo iciilisha cacitike kale na lintu cikesacitika ku ntanshi pantu baishilesanga ukuti ilingi line ifiilisha fya musango umo wine ficitika pa numa ya myaka 18.—Almagest, IV, 2.

5. Mesopotamia and Iran in the Persian Period, amabula 17-18.

6. Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Volyumu 47, 1995, amabula 106-107.

7. Cuneiform yali milembele ya kale iyo pa kulemba balebuula ibumba ilyanaka e lyo bafwatikapo ifishibilo ifyapusanapusana ukubomfya icilembelo icasongoka.

8. Sin-sharra-ishkun atekele imyaka 7, kabili pa fipaapatu 57 apalembwa ifya bunonshi bwa iyi mfumu balilembapo umwaka atendeke ukuteka ukwisafika mu mwaka walenga 7. Moneni Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Volyumu 35, 1983, amabula 54-59.

9. Icipaapatu apalembwa ifya bunonshi ica C.B.M. 2152 calembelwe mu mwaka walenga bune uwa kuteka kwa kwa Ashur-etel-ilani. (Legal and Commercial Transactions Dated in the Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian and Persian Periods—Chiefly From Nippur, icalembelwe na A.T. Clay, 1908, ibula 74.) E lyo na mu calembwa ca Harran Inscriptions of Nabonidus, (H1B), I, laini yalenga 30, babalilapo ukulumbula Ashur-etel-ilani e lyo pakonka Nabopolassar. (Anatolian Studies, Volyumu VIII (1958), amabula 35, 47.) Nga mulefwaya ukwishiba inshita ilyo mu Babiloni mushali imfumu, moneni icipapatu Chronicle 2, laini yalenga 14, muli Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles, amabula 87-88.

10. Abasoma bamo batila Ptolemy alishiileko ishamfumu shimo pa mutande wa shamfumu shatekele mu Babiloni, pa mulandu wa kuti ishi shamfumu shaleitwa ukuti “Imfumu ya Asiria.” Lelo nga mwamona mu kabokoshi akali pe bula 30, ishamfumu ishingi isho Ptolemy atantike pa mutande na sho shaleitwa ukuti “Imfumu ya Asiria.” Ifipaapatu apalembelwe ifya bunonshi bwa calo, ifilembo fya cuneiform, ne fyo bafwatike, filanga bwino bwino ukuti imfumu Ashur-etel-ilani, Sin-shumu-lishir, na Sin-sharra-ishkun balitekelepo mu Babiloni.

[Charti ne Cikope pe bula 29]

 (Nga mulefwaya ukumona charti ne fikope, moneni muli magazini)

“IMFUMU SHATEKELE MU BUTEKO BWA BABILONI UBWALENGA BUBILI”

Nga ca kuti ifyo aba bakalemba wa lyashi balembele fya cine, mulandu nshi ifyo balemba fyapusanina?

BEROSSUS POLYHISTOR JOSEPHUS PTOLEMY

c. 350-270 105-? 37-?100 c. 100-170

B.C.E. B.C.E. C.E. C.E.

Ishamfumu

Nabopolassar 21 20 — 21

Nebukadnesari II 43 43 43 43

Amel-Marduk 2 12 18 2

Neriglissar 4 4 40 4

Labashi-Marduk imyeshi 9 — imyeshi 9 —

Nabonidasi 17 17 17 17

Imyaka iyo ishamfumu shatekele nge fyo bakalemba we lyashi lya kale balanda

[Abatusuminishe]

Photograph taken by courtesy of the British Museum

[Charti ne Fikope pe bula 30]

 (Nga mulefwaya ukumona charti ne fikope, moneni muli magazini)

BUSHE IFYALEMBELE PTOLEMY FYALIPALANA NE FYALEMBWA PA FIPAAPATU FYA KALE?

Pa mutande Ptolemy alembele tabikilepo ishamfumu shimo. Mulandu nshi?

IFYO PTOLEMY ALEMBELE

Nabonassar

Nabu-nadin-zeri (Nadinu)

Mukin-zeri na Pul

Ululayu (Shalmanesere V)

“Imumu ya Asiria”

Merodaki-baladani

Sarigone II “Imfumu ya Asiria”

Inshita ya Kubalilapo Kushali Imfumu

Bel-ibni

Ashur-nadin-shumi

Nergal-ushezib

Mushezib-Marduk

Inshita Yalenga Bubili Kushali Imfumu UMUTANDE WA SHAMFUMU

Esarihadone “Imfumu ya Asiria” UWA KU URUK UWALEMBWA

Shamash-shuma-ukin PA FIPAAPATU FYA KALE

Kandalanu Kandalanu

Sin-shumu-lishir

Sin-sharra-ishkun

Nabopolassar Nabopolassar

Nebukadnesari Nebukadnesari

Amel-Marduk Amel-Marduk

Neriglissar Neriglissar

Labashi-Marduk

Nabonidasi Nabonidasi

Sailasi

Cambyses

[Icikope]

Ifipaapatu fya bena Babiloni na fyo fyaba pa fyalembwa fya cuneiform ifitwafwa ukwishiba nga ifyalembele Ptolemy fya cine

[Abatusuminishe]

Photograph taken by courtesy of the British Museum

[Abatusuminishe Ukubomfya Icikope pe bula 31]

Photograph taken by courtesy of the British Museum