Ni Lilali Umusumba wa Yerusalemu Baonawile?—Ulubali 2

Ifyo Ifyalembwa pa Fipapaatu fye Bumba Filanga

Ici e cipande calenga bubili pa fipande filelanda pa mepusho ayo abasambilila sana bepusha pa mwaka Yerusalemu bayonawile. Icipande ca kubalilapo cali mu Ulupungu lwa kwa Kalinda ulwafumineko. Muli ifi fipande fibili nabasuka bwino ifipusho ifyapelenganya abantu bamo, kabili pa kwasuka babomfeshe Baibolo ne fyebo fimbi ifyo bafwailishapo sana.

Mu Cipande ca Kubalilapo Mwali Ifishinka Fyakonkapo:

▪ Bakalemba we lyashi lya kale balanda ukuti Yerusalemu bayonawile mu 587 B.C.E.

▪ Ifyalembwa mu Baibolo filanga bwino bwino ukuti bayonawile mu 607 B.C.E.

▪ Umulandu bakalemba we lyashi balandila ukuti ni mu 587 B.C.E. ni co babelenga ifyo bakalemba wa malyashi bambi balembele e lyo ne fyalembwa fya kwa Ptolemy.

▪ Mu fyo bakalemba we lyashi lya kale bamo balembele mwaliba ifilubo ifikalamba kabili fimo fyalipusana ne fyalembwa pa fipaapatu fye bumba. *

BAIBOLO ilanda ukuti abaYuda bali no kuba muli bunkole mu Babiloni “ukufikila imyaka 70 yapwa ku kufikilisha amashiwi SHIKULU alandile muli Yeremia.” Ni lilali abaYuda babalubwile? Mu “mwaka wa kubalilapo uwa kuteka kwa mfumu Sailasi iya ku Persia.” (2 Imilandu 36:21, 22, New International Version) Ifyalembwa mu Baibolo ne fyo bakalemba we lyashi lya kale balemba filanga ukuti bunkole bwa baYuda bwapwile ilyo Sailasi acimfishe Babiloni no kubalubula, kabili babwelelemo ku Yerusalemu mu 537 B.C.E. Apo Baibolo ilalanda apabuuta ukuti abaYuda bali muli bunkole imyaka 70, ninshi babasendele muli bunkole mu 607 B.C.E.

Lelo, abasoma abengi batila Yerusalemu bayonawile mu 587 B.C.E. Ifi nga e fyo cali, ninshi kuti capilibula ukuti abaYuda bali muli bunkole imyaka fye 50. Mulandu nshi balandila ukuti Yerusalemu bayonawile mu 587 B.C.E.? Ni co bapenda imyaka ukulingana ne fyalembwa fya kale ifya cuneiform ifilanda pali Nebukadnesari II na bamupyene.¹ Ifingi pali ifi ifyalembwa fyalembelwe na bantu abaikeleko pa nshita Yerusalemu bayonawile nelyo pa numa fye ya konaulwa. Lelo bushe filya bapendele ukuti Yerusalemu bayonawile mu 587 B.C.E. fya cine? Bushe finshi fyaba muli ifi fyalembwa?

Pa kwasuka aya mepusho, natulande pa fyalembwa fitatu ifyo abasoma bacindika sana: (1) Ifyalembwa fya bena Babiloni, (2) ifipaapatu apalembwa ifya bunonshi, na (3) ifipaapatu apalembwa ifya maplaneti.

 ● Ifyalembwa fya bena Babiloni.

Ni finshi? Fipaapatu ifyalekanalekana apalembwa ifintu ifyacindama ifyalecitika mu Babiloni.²

Finshi abasoma balandapo? Uwasoma sana ifyalembwa fya cuneiform, R. H. Sack atile ifi fyalembwa tafilanda pali fyonse ifyacindama ifyacitike kale. * Alembele ukuti bakalemba we lyashi lya kale bafwile “ukufwailisha ifyebo na fimbi . . . pa kuti beshibe bwino bwino ifyacitike kale.”

Finshi ifyalembwa filanga? Mu fyalembwa fya bena Babiloni, balishamo ifyebo fimo.³ (Belengeni  akabokoshi akali pe samba.) Ici kuti calenga twaipusha ukuti, Bushe kuti twacetekela ifyo bakalemba wa lyashi balanda nga ca kutila mu fyalembwa umo balefumya ifyebo, tamwalembwa ifishinka fyonse?

● Ifipaapatu apalembwa ifya bunonshi.

Ni finshi? Mu Buteko bwa Babiloni Ubwalenga Bubili, ifi fipaapatu balefibomfya nga malisiti mu fya makwebo. Pali ifi fipaapatu balefwatikapo ubushiku, umweshi ne myaka imfumu yateka ukufika pali ubo bushiku basainishanya. Ku ca kumwenako, pa cipaapatu cimo balembelepo ubukwebo ubwacitike pa “bushiku bwalenga 27, mu mweshi wa Nisani, mu mwaka walenga 11 uwa kuteka kwa kwa Nebukadresari [uo baleita no kuti Nebukadnesari II], imfumu ya Babiloni.”⁴

Nga ca kuti imfumu yafwa nelyo baifumya pa bufumu, imfumu imbi iyalepyana e yalepwishishisha imyeshi iyaleshalako iya uyo mwaka uwa kuteka kwa mfumu iyalipo. *⁵ Mu nshila imbi kuti twatila, imfumu yalepyana imfumu ibiye mu mwaka umo wine nga kukonka kalenda ya bena Babiloni. Kanshi, pa fipaapatu fya kwa kateka uwapyana pa bufumu balelembapo fyonse ifyalecitika mu myeshi alepwishishisha umwaka wa kuteka kwa mfumu apyene.

Finshi abasoma balandapo? R. H. Sack aceeceetele ifipaapatu apalembwa ifya bunonshi ifyalekanalekana ukutendekela pa nshita Ubuteko bwa Babiloni Ubwalenga Bubili bwatendeke ukuteka.  Mu 1972, Sack alembele ukuti pa fipaapatu ifipya ifyali mu British Museum ifyo bashasabankenye palembelwe inshita iyapusana ne yaishibikwe ukuti e yo Amel-Marduk (uo baleita no kuti Ebili-merodaki) apyene wishi Nebukadnesari II.⁶ Yapusene shani? Ukulingana ne fyalembwa pa fipaapatu fya kale, Sack aishibe ukuti Nebukadnesari II ali acili aleteka mu mweshi walenga 6, mu mwaka wakwe uwa kulekeleshako ukuteka (uwalenga 43). Lelo muli ifi fipaapatu ifipya mwalembwa ukuti Amel-marduk atendeke ukuteka mu mweshi walenga 4 na 5 mu mwaka walenga 43 uwa kuteka kwa kwa Nebukadnesari.⁷ Ukwabula no kutwishika, ifyo balemba pali ifi fipaapatu fyalipusana.

Finshi ifyalembwa filanga? Kwaliba na fimbi ifyapusana mu fyalembwa pa fyo ishamfumu shalekonkana. Ku ca kumwenako, ifyalembwa filanga ukuti Nebukadnesari II ali acili aleteka mu mweshi walenga 10, e kutila ninshi palipita ne myeshi 6 ukutula apo batunganishisha ukuti uwamupyene e po atendekele ukuteka.⁸ Paliba ubupusano na pa nshita Neriglissar apyene Amel-Marduk.⁹

Mulandu nshi cicindamine ukwishiba ubu bupusano? Nga fintu tulandilepo kale, ifi mu fyalembwa fya bena Babiloni mushalembwa ifyebo fyonse cilanga ukuti nalimo te kuti kube ifyalembwa fya kale umo balemba fyonse fye ifyalecitika mulya mwine fyakonkanine.¹⁰ Bushe nalimo kwali abatekele pa kati ka ishi shamfumu? Ifi nga e fyo cali, ninshi imyaka na imbi ifwile ukulundwako ku nshita Ubuteko bwa Babiloni Ubwalenga Bubili bwatekele. E ico, mu fyalembwa fya bena Babiloni nelyo ifipaapatu apalembwa ifya bunonshi tamwaba ubushininkisho ubulanga ukuti Yerusalemu bayonawile mu 587 B.C.E. *

● Ifipaapatu apalembwa ifya maplaneti.

Ni finshi? Fipaapatu fya cuneiform ifilondolola ifyo akasuba, umweshi, amaplaneti ne ntanda, fyaikala, apalembwa ne lyashi lya kale pamo nga inshita imfumu imo na imo yatekele. Ku ca kumwenako, pa cipaapatu icili pe samba balilembapo iciilisha ca mweshi icaliko mu mweshi wa kubalilapo mu mwaka wa ntanshi uwa kuteka kwa Mfumu Mukin-zeri.¹¹

Finshi abasoma balandapo? Abasoma balasumina ukuti abena Babiloni balipangile amacharti kabili balikwete ne nshila sha kwishibila kabela inshita ifiilisha fyali no kucitika.¹²

Lelo bushe balebomfya inshila shimo shine na pa kwishiba ilyo ifiilisha fyacitike kale? Profesa John Steele atile: “Cimoneka kwati e sho balebomfya pa kwishiba ilyo ifiilisha fimo fyacitike kale.”¹³ Profesa David Brown alisumina ukuti ifyalembwa pali aya amacharti bafisobele ilyo kwashele fye inshita iinono ilyo fishilacitika, alisumina no kuti fimo baishilefishiba “ilyo bakalemba ba  mu ma 300 BC ne myaka yakonkelepo bapendele imyaka ukubwelela ku numa.”¹⁴ Nga ca kutila pa kusanga iyi myaka balependa ukubwelela ku numa, bushe e fyo twingacetekela ukuti fya cine ukwabula ubushininkisho na bumbi?

Nangu ca kutila iciilisha calicitike pa bushiku bwine ubo uwalembele icipaapatu alandilepo, bushe ninshi fyonse ifyo alembele pa lyashi lya kale ilyacitike pali bulya bwine bushiku fya cine? Awe nakalya. Uwasoma sana R. J. van der Spek alondolwele ukuti: “Abalelemba ifi fyebo bantu abalebuka ukubomfya intanda, te bakalemba we lyashi lya kale iyo.” Alondolwele ukuti fimo ifyalembelwe pali ifi fipaapatu “tafyacindama sana” kabili umuntu “tafwile ukusumina fye fyonse ifyalembwapo.”¹⁵

Finshi ifyalembwa filanga? Natulande pa fyalembwa pa cipaapatu ca VAT 4956. Sentensi ya kubalilapo pali ici cipaapatu itila: “Umwaka walenga 37 uwa kuteka kwa kwa Nebukadnezar, imfumu ya Babiloni.”¹⁶ Ifyebo fimbi ifyabapo filondolola ifyo umweshi na maplaneti yambi fyaikele nga kulinganya ku fyo intanda shalekanalekana na mabumba ya shiko na fyo fyaikele. Na kabili balilembapo iciilisha cimo ica mweshi icacitike. Abasoma batila ifya mu muulu fyaikele muli uyu musango mu 568/567 B.C.E., icingalola mu kuti wali mwaka walenga 18 uwa kuteka kwa kwa Nebukadnesari II, ilyo aonawile Yerusalemu mu 587 B.C.E. Lelo bushe ifyo ifi fya mu muulu fyaikele kuti fyalosha fye kuli uyu mwaka wa 568/567 B.C.E. epela?

Pali ici cipaapatu balilanda pa ciilisha ca mweshi ico pa numa ya kupenda basangile ukuti cacitike pa bushiku bwalenga 15, mu mweshi wa bena Babiloni uwalenga butatu uwa Simanu. Cishinka ukuti iciilisha e ko cali muli yu wine mweshi, mu mwaka wa 568 B.C.E., kabili ubu bushiku bwalingene na 4 July (ukulingana na kalenda ya kwa Julian). Lelo imyaka 20 iyabangilileko, iciilisha na cimbi calicitike pa 15 July, mu 588 B.C.E.¹⁷

Nga ca kutila umwaka wa 588 B.C.E.,e wali uwalenga 37 uwa kuteka kwa kwa Nebukadnesari II, ninshi umwaka wakwe uwalenga 18 kuti waba ni 607 B.C.E., ulya wine na Baibolo yalanda ukuti e lyo Yerusalemu bayonawile! (Moneni  charti pe samba.) Lelo bushe kwaliba ubushininkisho na bumbi ubwaba pa cipaapatu ca VAT 4956 ubulanga ukuti Yerusalemu bayonawile mu 607 B.C.E.?

Ukulunda pa ciilisha tulandilepo kale, pali ifi fipaapatu balilanda ne ncende shalekanalekana 13 apabelele umweshi, e lyo na shimbi 15 apabelele amaplaneti. Ifi basangile filondolola ifyo umweshi nelyo amaplaneti fyaikele nga kulinganya ku fyo intanda shimo nelyo amabumba ya shiko shaikele.¹⁸ E lyo kabili basangile ukuti pa kati ka kutula no kuwa kwa kasuba, na pa kutula no kuwa kwa mweshi, paleba ama-awala 8.^18a

Pa mulandu wa kucetekela sana ifyo umweshi wenda ku kwishibilako inshita, abafwailisha ifintu baceeceetele imyendele 13 iya mweshi iyalembelwe pa cipaapatu ca VAT 4956. Baceeceetele ifyaba pali ici cipaapatu ukubomfya programu ya pa kompyuta iilanga ifyo ifya mu muulu fyaikele pa nshita imo.¹⁹ Finshi basangile ilyo baceeceetele ifi fipaapatu? Nangu ca kutila ukupenda fyonse ifi te kuti kutufishe mu mwaka wa 568/567 B.C.E.,  imyendele yonse 13 iya mweshi yena yalilingene ne fyo bapendele pa fyo ifya mu muulu fyaikele imyaka 20 iyabangilileko, e kutila mu mwaka wa 588/587 B.C.E.

Mu kabokoshi kali pali lino line ibula, nabalangilila pamo apo balanda ukuti e po umweshi wabelele, ifyumfwana sana no mwaka wa 588 B.C.E. ukucila uwa 568 B.C.E. Muli laini yalenga butatu pali cilya cipaapatu ca VAT 4956, balilemba apo umweshi wabelele mu nshita ya bushiku pa “bushiku bwalenga 9 [mu mweshi wa Nisanu].” Abasoma ababalilepo ukusosa ukuti ici cacitike mu 568 B.C.E. (ukulingana ne cipaapatu ca astronomical -567) basumine ukuti ici cali ni pa bushiku bwa “Nisanu 8, te pa Nisanu 9.” Pa kuti abasoma balange ukuti ca cine ici cacitike mu 568 B.C.E., batile, bakalemba wa lyashi balufyenye fye pa kulemba “9” mu nshita ya kulemba “8.”²⁰ Lelo laini yalenga butatu muli VAT 4956, ilanga ukuti ifyo umweshi waikele fyacitike pa Nisanu 9 mu 588 B.C.E.²¹

Ukwabula no kutwishika, ifingi ifya maplaneti ifyalembwa pali VAT 4956, filingana no mwaka wa 588 B.C.E. ukuti e mwaka walenga 37 uwa kuteka kwa kwa Nebukadnesari II. Kanshi ici cilomfwana bwino no mwaka wa 607 B.C.E. ukuti e mwaka Yerusalemu bayonawile, nge fyo Baibolo yalanda.

Mulandu Nshi Tulingile Ukucetekela Ifyalembwa mu Baibolo?

Muno nshiku, bakalemba we lyashi lya kale abengi basumina ukuti Yerusalemu bayonawile mu 587 B.C.E. Lelo bakalemba wa Baibolo, Yeremia na Daniele balilondolola bwino bwino ukuti abaYuda bali muli bunkole pa myaka 70 te myaka 50 iyo. (Yeremia 25:1, 2, 11; 29:10; Daniele 9:2) Ifyo balembele filanga apabuuta ukuti Yerusalemu bayonawile mu 607 B.C.E. Nge fyo tulandilepo, ne fyalembwa fimo filanga ukuti Yerusalemu bayonawile muli uyu wine mwaka.

Pa miku iingi, abasoma balisuusha ifyo Baibolo yalanda. Lelo nga ca kutila ifishinka na fimbi fyaishibikwa, lyonse fye cilasangwa ukuti ifyo Baibolo yalanda fya cine. * Kanshi kwaliba icalenga ukuti abantu bamo bacetekele Baibolo. Balishininkisha ukuti ifyo yalanda pa fyacitike kale, ifya sayansi, no kusesema kwalembwamo fya cine. Ubu bushininkisho bwalenga ukuti basumine filya Baibolo yalanda ukuti yafuma kuli Lesa. (2 Timote 3:16) Kuti cawama nga ca kutila mwe bene mwafwailishe ifishinka pa kuti mushininkishe ukuti ifyo Baibolo yalanda fya cine.

[Amafutunoti]

[Akabokoshi na Charti pe bula 23]

(Nga mulefwaya ukumona ifi, moneni muli magazini)

 IFYALEMBWA FYA BENA BABILONI—TAMWABA IFYEBO FYONSE

Mu fyalembwa fya bena Babiloni mwalembwa fye ilyashi lya fyacitike mu myaka 35 iya Buteko bwa Babiloni Ubwalenga Bubili ubo batunganya ukuti bwaliko pa myaka 88.

◻IMYAKA BASHALEMBELE IFYALECITIKA

◼IMYAKA BALEMBELE IFYALECITIKA

BM 21901 BM 21946 BM 35382

↓ ↓ ↓ ↓

ILYO UBUTEKO BWA BABILONI ABENA PERSIA

UBWALENGA BUBILI BWALIKO

Nabopolassar Nebukadnesari II Amel-Marduk Nabonidus

Neriglissar Labashi-Marduk

↑ ↑ ↑

BM 25127 BM 22047 BM 25124

[Abatusuminishe]

BM 21901 and BM 35382: Photograph taken by courtesy of the British Museum; BM 21946: Copyright British Museum; BM 22047, 25124, 25127: © The Trustees of the British Museum

[Akabokoshi ne Cikope pe bula 24]

ICIPAAPATU APALEMBWA IFYA MAPLANETI ICA BM 32238

Pali ici cipaapatu palembwa ifiilisha fya mweshi ifyacitike, lelo bafilembelepo ilyo iciilisha ca kulekelesha cacitike, ninshi palipita ne myaka 400 ukutula apo ica kubalilapo cacitikile. Apo uwalembele pali ifi fiilisha taliko ilyo fyonse fyalecitika, afwile abomfeshe fye insamushi pa kwishiba ilyo ifiilisha fyabalilepo fyacitike. Te kuti tucetekele sana ifyo uyu kalemba alembele pa fyacitike kale, kano kuli ifishinka na fimbi ifilanga ukuti ifyo alembele fya cine.

[Abatusuminishe]

© The Trustees of the British Museum

 [Akabokoshi ne Fikope pe bula 26]

FINSHI FYALEMBWA PA CIPAAPATU CA VAT 4956?

Mulandu nshi cacindamina ukwishiba? Laini yalenga butatu pali ici cipaapatu itila, “pa bushiku bwalenga 9 mu nshita ya bushiku” mu mweshi wa kubalilapo (Nisanu/Nisani), “umweshi waiminine umukono umo pa ntanshi ya lutanda lwa ß Virginis.” Lelo mu 1915, Neugebauer na Weidner balembele pa mwaka wa 568 B.C.E. (uwingatufisha mu mwaka wa 587 B.C.E. uo batila e mo Yerusalemu bayonawile) ukuti “umweshi waiminine umukono umo pa lutanda lwa ß Virginis pa bushiku bwa Nisani 8, te pa Nisani 9.” Lelo nga twapendele ukufuma apo umweshi wabelele pa Nisani 9, mu 588 B.C.E., kuti twafika mu mwaka wa 607 B.C.E. ilyo Yerusalemu bayonawile.

Bushe ni pa 9 nelyo ni pa 8?

(1) Nge fyo icikope cilelanga, icishibilo ca 9 ica bena Akkadia cilemoneka.

(2) Ilyo Neugebauer na Weidner balepilibula, balyalwile apo balembele “9” no kulembapo “8.”

(3) Ni pali futunoti fye e palelangilila ukuti mu fyalembwa fya kubalilapo balembelepo “9.”

(4) Na mu fyo bapilibula mu ciGerman balembapo “8.”

(5) Mu fyo Sachs na Hunger basabankenye mu 1988, balibwekeshepo “9” nga filya fine calembelwe pa kubala.

(6) Lelo mu fyalembwa fya ciNgeleshi mwena taba-alwile, baleti apalembelwe “9,” “palingile ukuba: 8.”

[Abatusuminishe]

bpk/Vorderasiatisches Museum, SMB/Olaf M. Teßmer

 [Akabokoshi pe bula 28]

Ubulondoloshi pa Lyashi lya Kuti “Ni Lilali Umusumba wa Yerusalemu Baonawile?—Ulubali 2”

1. Cuneiform yali milembele ya kubomfya ifishibilo. Pa kulemba, balebuula ibumba ilyanaka e lyo bafwatikapo ifishibilo fyapusanapusana ukubomfya icilembelo icasongoka.

2. Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles, icalembele A. K. Grayson, ica mu 1975, bacipulintile na kabili mu 2000, ibula 8.

3. Ubuteko bwa Babiloni Ubwalenga Bubili bwatendeke mu ma 600 B.C.E., ilyo ishamfumu shalekanalekana isha bena Kaldi shaleteka Babiloni. Imfumu yabalilepo ukuteka ni Nabopolassar, wishi wa kwa Nebukadnesari II. Bwapwile ilyo imfumu ya kulekeleshako Nabonidus baicimfishe mu 539 B.C.E. kuli Sailasi, Imfumu ya Persia.

4. Neo-Babylonian Business and Administrative Documents, icalembele Ellen Whitley Moore, ica mu 1935, ibula 33.

5. Archimedes, Volyumu 4, New Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology, “Observations and Predictions of Eclipse Times by Early Astronomers,” icalembele John M. Steele, ica mu 2000, ibula 36.

6. Amel-Marduk 562-560 B.C.—A Study Based on Cuneiform, Old Testament, Greek, Latin and Rabbinical Sources. With Plates, by Ronald H. Sack, ica mu 1972, ibula 3.

7. Icipaapatu ca BM 80920 ne ca BM 58872 ifya mu mweshi walenga 4 na 5, umwaka Ebili-merodaki apyene pa bufumu. Fyasabankanishiwe na Sack mu citabo ca Amel-Marduk 562-560 B.C.—A Study Based on Cuneiform, Old Testament, Greek, Latin and Rabbinical Sources. With Plates, amabula 3, 90, 106.

8. Icipaapatu caba mu British Museum (BM 55806) ica mu mweshi walenga 10, mu mwaka walenga 43.

9. Ifipaapatu fya BM 75106 na BM 61325 ifya mu mweshi walenga 7 na 10 umwaka batila e wali uwa kulekeleshako (uwa bubili) uwa kuteka kwa kwa Ebili-merodaki. Lelo icipaapatu ca BM 75489 cali ca mu mweshi walenga bubili ilyo Neriglissar apyene Ebili-merodaki.—Catalogue of the Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum, Volyumu 8, (Tablets From Sippar 3) icalembele Erle Leichty, J. J. Finkelstein, na C.B.F. Walker, ica mu 1988, amabula 25, 35.

Catalogue of the Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum, Volyumu 7, (Tablets From Sippar 2) icalembele Erle Leichty na A. K. Grayson, ica mu 1987, ibula 36.

Neriglissar—King of Babylon, icalembelwe na Ronald H. Sack, ica mu 1994, ibula 232. Umweshi walembwa pa cipaapatu ni Ajaru (umweshi walenga bubili).

10. Natulande pali Neriglissar. Ifyo balemba pali ena fitila “mwana Bêl-shum-ishkun, imfumu ya Babiloni.” Balemba no kuti Bêl-shum-ishkun “cilolo wa mano.” Ishiwi lya kuti rubû, ilyo bapilibula ukuti “cilolo,” lipilibula no kuti “imfumu, kateka.” Apo ifyo balanda pali Amel-Marduk na pa kuteka kwa kwa Neriglissar uwamupyene fyalipusana, bushe ninshi iyi “mfumu ya Babiloni,” Bêl-shum-ishkun, alitekele pa kati ka ishi shamfumu shibili? Profesa R. P. Dougherty, asumine ukuti “te kuti tusuule ku bushininkisho bwa kuti Neriglissar afumine mu lupwa lwa ku bufumu.”—Nabonidus and Belshazzar—A Study of the Closing Events of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, icalembele Raymond P. Dougherty, ica mu 1929, ibula 61.

11. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts From Babylonia, Volyumu 5, ico Hermann Hunger apitulwikemo, icasabankanishiwe mu 2001, amabula 2-3.

12. Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Volyumu 2, Na. 4, 1948, “A Classification of the Babylonian Astronomical Tablets of the Seleucid Period,” icalembelwe na A. Sachs, amabula 282-283.

13. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts From Babylonia, Volyumu 5, ibula 391.

14. Mesopotamian Planetary Astronomy-Astrology, icalembele David Brown, ica mu 2000, amabula 164, 201-202.

15. Bibliotheca Orientalis, L N° 1/2, Januari-Maart, 1993, “The Astronomical Diaries as a Source for Achaemenid and Seleucid History,” icalembele R. J. van der Spek, amabula 94, 102.

16. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts From Babylonia, Volyumu I, icalembele Abraham J. Sachs, icaishilepwishishiwa no kupitulukwamo na Hermann Hunger, ica mu 1988, ibula 47.

17. Babylonian Eclipse Observations From 750 BC to 1 BC, icalembele Peter J. Huber na Salvo De Meis, ica mu 2004, ibula 186. Ukulingana na VAT 4956, ici ciilisha cacitike pa 15 mu mweshi wa butatu uwa bena Babiloni, icilanga ukuti umweshi wa Simanu watendeke inshiku 15 ilyo kushilaba iciilisha. Nga ca kuti iciilisha caliko pa 15 July, 588 B.C.E. ukulingana na kalenda ya kwa Julian, ninshi ubushiku bwa kubalilapo muli uyu mweshi kuti waba ni 30 June/1 July, 588 B.C.E. Ici kuti capilibula ukuti umwaka upya watendeke mu mweshi wa kubalilapo uwa bena Babiloni (Nisanu) imyeshi ibili mu kubangilila, pa May 2/3. Nga kukonka ifyo cifwile ukuba ilyo kwali ici ciilisha, umwaka walingile ukutendeka pa April 3/4, lelo VAT 4956 muli laini yalenga 6 yatila balilundileko umweshi na umbi pa numa ya mweshi walenga 12 (Addaru, uwa kulekelesha) uwa mwaka wafumineko. (Pa cipaapatu palembwa ati: “Ubushiku bwa 8 mu mweshi wa XII₂.”) Ici calengele umwaka ukutendekela pa May 2/3. Kanshi ubushiku ici ciilisha cacitikilepo mu 588 B.C.E. bwalilingana sana ne fyalembwa pa cipaapatu.

18. Icitabo ca Berichte über die Verhandlungen der Königl. Sächsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig (Reports Regarding the Discussions of the Royal Saxonian Society of Sciences at Leipzig); Volyumu 67; May 1, 1915; mu cipande citila “Ein astronomischer Beobachtungstext aus dem 37. Jahre Nebukadnezars II” (An Astronomical Observer’s Text of the 37th Year Nebuchadnezzar II), icalembele Paul V. Neugebauer na Ernst F. Weidner, amabula 67-76, kwaba incende shalekanalekana 13 apabelele umweshi nga kulinganya ku lutanda nelyo amabumba ya ntanda. Balilanda na pa ncende shalekanalekana 15 apabelele amaplaneti. (Amabula 72-76) Nangu ca kutila icishibilo ca mweshi icaba pa cipaapatu cilamoneka fye bwino bwino, ifishibilo fimbi ifya mashina ya maplaneti na apo yabelele tafimoneka bwino bwino. (Mesopotamian Planetary Astronomy—Astrology, icalembelwe na David Brown, ica mu 2000, amabula 53-57) Ici calenga ukuti abantu balelanda ifyalekanalekana no kulatunganya fye apabelele amaplaneti. Apo umweshi walishibikwa bwino ifyo wenda, ici kuti calenga baishiba apo ifya mu muulu fimbi fyabela ifyo balandapo pali VAT 4956 ifya-ampana no mweshi, ne nshita fyabelelepo.

18a. Ifi ifiputulwa (“lunar threes”), fiputulwa fya kupiminako inshita, ku ca kumwenako ukutendekela pa kuwa kwa kasuba ukufika ku kuwa kwa mweshi pa bushiku bwa kubalilapo mu mweshi e lyo ne nshita shimbi shibili mu mweshi umo wine. Abasoma balibomfya ifi fiputulwa ku kwishibilako apo isonde, umweshi, na kasuba fibela kabili balipanga na macharti ya kwishibilako inshita fibelapo. (“The Earliest Datable Observation of the Aurora Borealis,” icalembele F. R. Stephenson na David M. Willis, icaba muli Under One Sky—Astronomy and Mathematics in the Ancient Near East, icapitulwikwemo na John M. Steele na Annette Imhausen, ica mu 2002, amabula 420-428) Pa kwishiba ifi fiputulwa, aba ku kale balekabila ukubomfya umusango umo uwa nkoloko. Lelo ukubomfya inkoloko te lyonse kwaleba ukwalungama. (Archimedes, Volyumu 4, New Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology, “Observations and Predictions of Eclipse Times by Early Astronomers,” icalembele John M. Steele, ica mu 2000, amabula 65-66) Lelo ukupenda inshita ukubomfya imyendele ya mweshi ukulinganya ku maplaneti yambi kwaleba ukwalungika ukucila ukubomfya inkoloko.

19. Baceeceetele ukubomfya programu ya pa kompyuta iya basambilila ifya maplaneti iyo beta ati TheSky6™. E lyo baliceeceetele na kabili ukubomfya programu imbi iyakwata sana amaka iya Cartes du Ciel/Sky Charts (CDC) na programu imbi iya kwishibilako inshiku iyafumine kuli ba U.S. Naval Observatory. Pa mulandu wa kuti abantu balondolola ifishibilo fyalembwa pa fipaapatu mu nshila shalekanalekana, ifyalembelwe pali ifi fipaapatu tabafibomfeshe pa kwishibilako inshita.

20. Berichte über die Verhandlungen der Königl. Sächsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig (Reports Regarding the Discussions of the Royal Saxonian Society of Sciences at Leipzig); Volyumu 67; May 1, 1915; “Ein astronomischer Beobachtungstext aus dem 37. Jahre Nebukadnezars II, (-567/66)” (An Astronomical Observer’s Text of the 37th Year Nebuchadnezzar II), icalembele Paul V. Neugebauer na Ernst F. Weidner, ibula 41

21. Muli laini yalenga butatu pali VAT 4956 palembwa ati: “Umweshi waiminine umukono umo pa ntanshi ya lutanda lwa ß Virginis.” Mu fyo baceeceetele ifyo tulandilepo, basondwelele ukuti pa Nisanu 9, e lyo umweshi waiminine amadigri 2°04ʹ ku ntanshi ya lutanda e lyo na 0° pe samba ya lutanda lwa ß Virginis. Apo umweshi wabelele ifi ni pa Nisanu 9 mu 588 B.C.E.

[Charti pe bula 25]

(Nga mulefwaya ukumona ifi, moneni muli magazini)

 BUSHE ICIPAAPATU CA VAT 4956 CILANGA UKUTI YERUSALEMU BAYONAWILE MU 587 B.C.E. NELYO MU 607 B.C.E.?

◼ Pali ici cipaapatu balembapo ifyo amaplaneti yaikele e lyo ne ciilisha ca mweshi icacitike mu mwaka walenga 37 uwa kuteka kwa Mfumu Nebukadnesari II.

◼ Nebukadnesari II aonawile umusumba wa Yerusalemu mu mwaka walenga 18 uwa kuteka kwakwe.—Yeremia 32:1.

Nga ca kutila umwaka

walenga 37 uwa kuteka kwa

kwa Nebukadnesari II wali

ni 568 B.C.E., ninshi

Yerusalemu bayonawile mu

587 ← ← 587 B.C.E.

610 B.C.E. 600 590 580 570 560

607 ← ← Nga ca kutila umwaka walenga 37

uwa kuteka kwakwe wali ni 588

B.C.E., ninshi Yerusalemu

bayonawile mu 607 B.C.E., umwaka

uo na Baibolo yalandapo.

◼ Icipaapatu ca VAT 4956 cilalanga bwino ukuti Yerusalemu bayonawile mu 607 B.C.E.

[Abatusuminishe ukubomfya icikope pe bula 22]

Photograph taken by courtesy of the British Museum