Sɔlemeha Fofowo—Ðe Wode Biblia me Nyateƒea Dzia?

Èɖagblɔna be yenye Kristotɔ loo alo megblɔna nenema o, anye be wokpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe alesi nèbua Biblia ƒe Mawu, Yesu, kple Kristotɔnyenyee dzi. Woyɔ wo dometɔ ɖeka be Sikanuyitɔ; woyɔ bubu be Gã. Wogblɔ le wo katã ŋu be wonye “Kristo ƒe agbenɔnɔ srɔ̃la akuakuwo.” Amekawoe wonye? Woawoe nye blema mawusubɔsubɔ me nunyalawo, agbalẽŋlɔlawo, mawunyaŋutinunyalawo, kple xexemenunyala siwo kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe “Kristotɔ” geɖe siwo li egbea ƒe tamebubu dzi—woyɔa wo be Sɔlemeha Fofowo.

HELA Orthodɔks Ha ƒe mawusubɔsubɔ ŋuti nufialagã Demetrios J. Constantelos gblɔ be: “Menye Mawu ƒe nyawo katãe le Biblia me o. Gbɔgbɔ Kɔkɔe si ɖea Mawu ƒe nya fiana la ƒe dɔwɔwɔ mate ŋu ase ɖe agbalẽ aɖe ko dzi o.” Ke afika hãe woagate ŋu akpɔ Mawu ƒe ɖeɖefia siwo ŋu kakaɖedzi le la le? Constantelos gblɔ le eƒe agbalẽ si nye Understanding the Greek Orthodox Church me be: “Wobua Kɔnu Kɔkɔewo kple Ŋɔŋlɔ Kɔkɔeawo be [wonye] nu ɖeka ma ke ƒe akpa vovovowo.”

Nusiwo dzi wotu “Kɔnu Kɔkɔe” mawo ɖo ƒe ɖewoe nye Sɔlemeha Fofowo ƒe nufiafiawo kple woƒe agbalẽwo. Wonye mawunyaŋununyala kple “Kristotɔ” xexemenunyala xɔŋkɔ siwo nɔ anyi tso ƒe alafa evelia vaseɖe atɔ̃lia M.Ŋ. me. Afikae wokpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe egbegbe “Kristotɔwo” ƒe susu dzi se ɖo? Ðe woku ɖe Biblia ŋu goŋgoŋ le woƒe nufiafiawo mea? Nu sẽŋu ka dzie wòle be Yesu Kristo yomedzela nakpɔ mɔ be woatu Kristotɔwo ƒe nyateƒea ɖo?

Woƒe Blemaŋutinya

Le ƒe alafa evelia M.Ŋ. ƒe domedome la, amesiwo gblɔ be Kristotɔwo yewonye nɔ woƒe xɔse ta ʋlim le Romatɔ siwo ti wo yome kple amesiwo gbe nu le sɔlemehaa ƒe nufiafia gbɔ siaa si me. Gake mawunyaŋutinunyalawo ƒe nyagbɔgblɔwo bɔ le ɣeyiɣi ma me ŋutɔ. Mawusubɔsubɔ me nyaʋiʋli le Yesu ƒe “mawunyenye” kple gbɔgbɔ kɔkɔe ƒe nɔnɔme kpakple eƒe dɔwɔwɔ ŋu gblẽ nu geɖe wu mama si wòde agbalẽnyalawo dome ko. Nyahehe vevie le “Kristotɔwo” ƒe nufiafiawo ŋu kple mama gã siwo do tso eme keke ta ɖo dunyahehe kple dekɔnu ƒe nyawo me, eye ehe zitɔtɔ, aglãdzedze, dukɔmeviwo ƒe dzrewɔwɔ, kple aʋawɔwɔ gɔ̃ hã vɛ ɣeaɖewoɣi. Ŋutinyaŋlɔla Paul Johnson ŋlɔ bena: “[Xɔsegbegbe ƒe] Kristotɔnyenye dze egɔme le tɔtɔ, nyaʋiʋli kple mama me eye nenemae wòyi edzii. . . . Mawusubɔsubɔ me nukpɔsusu gbogbo aɖewo siwo wonɔ agbagba dzem be woakaka la bɔ ɖe Mediterranea-nutoa ƒe titina kple  ɣedzeƒe gome fũ le ƒe alafa gbãtɔ kple evelia M.Ŋ. me. . . . Eyata Kristotɔnyenye vovovo gbogbo aɖewo siwo mewɔ ɖeka o ye nɔ anyi tso gɔmedzedzea me.”

Ɣemaɣi la, agbalẽŋlɔlawo kple nunyala siwo bui be ehiã be yewoazã xexemenunya atsɔ aɖe “Kristotɔwo” ƒe nufiafiawo me la va nɔ bɔbɔm. Mawusubɔsubɔ me gbalẽŋlɔla siawo zã Hela kple Yudatɔwo ƒe agbalẽ siwo nɔ anyi do ŋgɔ la vevie kple susu be yewoƒe numeɖeɖeawo nadze agbalẽnyala trɔ̃subɔla siwo trɔ dzime va “Kristotɔnyenye” me la ŋu. Tso Justin Martyr (100-165 M.Ŋ. lɔƒo), amesi ŋlɔ eƒe agbalẽwo ɖe Helagbe me dzi la, amesiwo be Kristotɔwoe yewonye va tɔtɔ vevie le Helatɔwo ƒe kɔnu siwo me xexemenunya bɔ ɖo la gɔmesese me.

Nɔnɔme sia va ɖe dzesi vevie le Origen (185-254 M.Ŋ. lɔƒo) si nye Helatɔ agbalẽŋlɔla si tso Alexandria la ƒe agbalẽwo me. Origen ƒe agbalẽ On First Principles ye nye agbagba gbãtɔ si wodze be woazã Helatɔwo ƒe xexemenunya atsɔ aɖe “Kristotɔwo” ƒe mawunyaŋutinunya me nufiafia veviwo me ɖe ɖoɖo nu. Nicaea Aɖaŋuɖotakpekpe (325 M.Ŋ.), si dze agbagba be yeaɖe Kristo ƒe “mawunyenye” me ahaɖoe anyi la nye nu vevi si gade dzo amewo me ɖe “Kristotɔwo” ƒe nufiafia me ɖeɖe ŋu. Aɖaŋuɖotakpekpe mae dze ɣeyiɣi si me sɔlemeha la ƒe aɖaŋuɖotakpekpe bubuwo di be yewoaɖe sɔleme nufiafia me geɖe wu la gɔme.

Agbalẽŋlɔlawo Kple Nuƒola Bibiwo

Eusebius si tso Kaisarea, amesi ŋlɔ agbalẽwo le Nicaea Aɖaŋuɖotakpekpe gbãtɔa ƒe ɣeyiɣia me la de ha kple Fiagã Konstantino. Ƒe 100 kple edzivɔ le Nicaea kpekpea megbe la, mawunyaŋununyala siwo ƒe akpa gãtɔ ŋlɔa agbalẽwo ɖe Helagbe me la to nusi va zu Kristodukɔa ƒe nufiafia vevi, si nye Mawuɖekaetɔ̃, la vɛ le nyaʋiʋli vevie ɣeyiɣi didi aɖe megbe. Ame vevi siwo nɔ wo dome la ƒe ɖewoe nye Athanasius, si nye Alexandria-bisiɔp si tea tɔ ɖe nya dzi, kple sɔlemeha ŋgɔnɔla etɔ̃ siwo tso Kapadokia le Asia Sue—woawoe nye Basil Gãtɔ, nɔvia Gregory si tso Nyssa, kple wo xɔlɔ̃ Gregory si tso Nazianzus.

Agbalẽŋlɔla kple nyagblɔla siwo nɔ anyi ɣemaɣi va bi ŋutɔ. Gregory si tso Nazianzus kple John Chrysostom (si gɔmee nye “Sikanuyitɔ”) siwo ŋlɔa nu ɖe Helagbe me kple Ambrose si tso Milan kpakple Augustine si tso Hippo siwo hã ŋlɔa nu ɖe Latin me la nye nuƒola bibiwo kple ame xɔŋkɔwo le aɖaŋu sia si ŋu amewo dea bubui wu ɖesiaɖe ɣemaɣi la me. Amesi ƒe agbalẽwo kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe ame dzi wu ɣemaɣie nye Augustine. Eƒe mawunyaŋutinunya me numeɖeɖewo kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe “Kristotɔ” siwo li egbea ƒe tamebubu dzi keŋkeŋ. Jerome, si nye agbalẽnyalagã si xɔ ŋkɔ wu ɣemaɣi koŋue ɖe Latin Vulgate Biblia la gɔme tso gbe gbãtɔawo me.

Gake biabia vevi aɖewoe nye be: Ðe Sɔlemeha Fofo mawo ku ɖe Biblia ŋu goŋgoŋua? Ðe wolé Ŋɔŋlɔ siwo tso gbɔgbɔ me la me ɖe asi sesĩe le woƒe nufiafiawo mea? Ðe woƒe agbalẽwo nye mɔfianu nyui siwo kplɔa ame yia Mawu ŋuti sidzedze vavãtɔ gbɔa?

Mawu ƒe Nufiafiawoe loo alo Amegbetɔ ƒe Nufiafiawoe?

Nyitsɔ laa la, Methodius, si le Greece Dugã me Orthodɔks-ha si le Pisidia me ŋlɔ agbalẽ si nye The Hellenic Pedestal of Christianity be  wòatsɔ aɖee afia be Hela kɔnuwo kple xexemenunya dzie wotu egbegbe “Kristotɔwo” ƒe nukpɔsusuwo ɖo. Elɔ̃ ɖe edzi kple kakaɖedzi le agbalẽ ma me be: “Sɔlemeha Fofo xɔŋkɔwo katã kloe bu Helatɔwo ƒe nukpɔsusuwo be woɖea vi, eye wokpɔ wo le Helatɔwo ƒe blemaɖaŋu ŋuti nuŋlɔɖiwo me eye wonye nuŋlɔɖi siwo me wodia Kristotɔwo ƒe nyateƒenyawo gɔmesese kple wo me ɖeɖe le.”

Le kpɔɖeŋu me, bu nukpɔsusu si nye be Fofo la, Vi la, kple gbɔgbɔ kɔkɔe ye ƒo ƒu nye Mawuɖekaetɔ̃ ŋu kpɔ. Sɔlemeha Fofo geɖe va zu Mawuɖekaetɔ̃dzixɔsela veviwo le Nicaea Aɖaŋuɖotakpekpea megbe. Woƒe agbalẽwo kple nyameɖeɖewo wɔ akpa vevi aɖe tsɔ na Mawuɖekaetɔ̃ zu Kristodukɔa ƒe nufiafia vevi aɖe. Gake ɖe Mawuɖekaetɔ̃ dze le Biblia mea? Ao. Ke afikae Sɔlemeha Fofowo kpɔe tsoe? A Dictionary of Religious Knowledge de dzesii be ame geɖe gblɔ be Mawuɖekaetɔ̃ nye “megbedelawo ƒe nufiafia si woxɔ tso trɔ̃subɔsubɔ me, eye wotsɔe de Kristotɔwo ƒe xɔse me.” Eye The Paganism in Our Christianity ɖo kpe edzi be: “Trɔ̃subɔsubɔ me koŋue [Mawuɖekaetɔ̃] dzɔ tso.” *—Yohanes 3:16; 14:28.

Alo bu luʋɔ makumaku nufiafia, si nye edzixɔxɔse be amegbetɔ ƒe akpa aɖe nɔa agbe le ŋutilã ƒe ku megbe, la ŋu kpɔ. Le esia gome hã, Sɔlemeha Fofowoe wɔ akpa vevitɔ le nukpɔsusu sia tsɔtsɔ de sɔlemeha si si luʋɔ ƒe agbenɔnɔ le ku megbe ƒe nufiafia aɖeke menɔ o me. Biblia ɖee fia eme kɔ ƒã be luʋɔ te ŋu kuna: “Luʋɔ, si wɔ nuvɔ̃ la, eyae aku.” (Xezekiel 18:4) Nuka dzie Sɔlemeha Fofowo nɔ te ɖo xɔ luʋɔ makumaku dzi se? New Catholic Encyclopedia gblɔ be: “Kristotɔwo ƒe nukpɔsusu si nye be Mawu wɔ gbɔgbɔmeluʋɔ aɖe tsɔ de ametia me le fufɔɣi be amegbetɔ nanye ame gbagbe blibo  la nye nusi nɔ gegem ɖe Kristotɔwo ƒe nukpɔsusuwo me vivivi hena ɣeyiɣi didi aɖe la me tsonu. Origen si nɔ Ɣedzeƒe kple Augustine Kɔkɔe si nɔ Ɣetoɖoƒe koŋue va ɖoe anyi be luʋɔ nye gbɔgbɔmenu eye wozã xexemenunya tsɔ ɖɔ eƒe nɔnɔmee. . . . Plato ƒe nufiafia tɔtrɔ me koŋue [Augustine ƒe nufiafia] . . . geɖe (kple vodada aɖewo) tso.” Magazine si nye Presbyterian Life hã gblɔ be: “Luʋɔ makumaku nye Helatɔwo ƒe nukpɔsusu si nɔ woƒe blema vivimehawo ƒe nya ɣaɣlawo me eye xexemenunyala Plato ye va ɖe eme.” *

Kristotɔwo ƒe Nyateƒea ƒe Gɔmeɖoanyi Sẽŋu

Esi míedzro Sɔlemeha Fofowo ƒe nɔnɔmewo kple afisi woƒe nufiafiawo dzɔ tso me kpuie alea gɔ̃ hã vɔ la, esɔ be míabia be, Ðe wòle be nyateƒe Kristotɔ natu eƒe dzixɔsewo ɖe Sɔlemeha Fofowo ƒe nufiafiawo dzia? Mina Biblia naɖo eŋu.

Ele be míade dzesii be Yesu Kristo ŋutɔ ɖee fia be mesɔ be woazã dzesideŋkɔ “Fofo” na amegbetɔ le mawusubɔsubɔ me o, esime wògblɔ be: “Migayɔ ame aɖeke be mia fofo le anyigba dzi o; elabena ame ɖekae nye mia fofo, eyae le dziƒo.” (Mateo 23:9) Medze be Kristotɔwo nazã dzesideŋkɔ “Fofo” na amegbetɔ aɖeke le mawusubɔsubɔ me o, eye mesɔ ɖe Ŋɔŋlɔawo nu hã o. Wowu Mawu ƒe Nya si woŋlɔ ɖi la ŋɔŋlɔ nu le ƒe 98 M.Ŋ. me esime apostolo Yohanes wu eƒe agbalẽwo ŋɔŋlɔ nu. Eyata mehiã be Kristotɔ vavãwo nadi numeɖeɖe siwo tso gbɔgbɔ me le amegbetɔ aɖeke gbɔ o. Woɖɔa ŋu ɖo be yewomaɖe ‘Mawu ƒe nya ƒe ŋusẽ dzi akpɔtɔ’ le amegbetɔ ƒe kɔnyinyiwo ta o. Enye gbɔgbɔmefɔku be woana amegbetɔ ƒe kɔnyinyi naxɔ ɖe Mawu ƒe Nya la teƒe. Yesu xlɔ̃ nu be: “Ne ŋkuagbãtɔ le mɔ fiam ŋkuagbãtɔ la, wo kpakple eve la katã woayi aɖadze do me.”—Mateo 15:6, 14.

Ðe Kristotɔ gahiã na ɖeɖefia bubu aɖe le Mawu ƒe nya si le Biblia me la megbea? Ao. Nyaɖeɖefia ƒe agbalẽa xlɔ̃ nu mí le nya aɖe tsɔtsɔ kpe nuŋlɔɖi si tso gbɔgbɔ me ŋu be: “Ne ame aɖe tsɔ nane kpe ɖe nya siawo ŋuti la, ekema Mawu atsɔ fuwɔame, siwo woŋlɔ ɖe agbalẽ sia me la, akpe ɖe eŋuti nɛ.”—Nyaɖeɖefia 22:18.

Biblia, si nye Mawu ƒe Nya si woŋlɔ ɖi la mee Kristotɔwo ƒe nyateƒea le. (Yohanes 17:17; Timoteo II, 3:16; Yohanes II, 1-4) Menye xexemenunya dzie egɔmesese nyuitɔ nɔ te ɖo o. Esɔ be míagbugbɔ nya siwo apostolo Paulo bia la abia ake le amesiwo dzea agbagba be yewoazã amegbetɔ ƒe nunya aɖe nya siwo Mawu ɖe fia me ŋu be: “Afika nunyala le? Afika agbalẽfiala le? Afika xexe sia me ƒe anukutsyɔla le? Alo menye Mawu trɔ xexe sia me ƒe nunya wòzu bometsitsi o ɖe?”—Korintotɔwo I, 1:20.

Tsɔ kpe ɖe eŋu la, Kristotɔ vavãwo ƒe hamea nye “nyateƒe ƒe sɔti kple gɔmeɖoɖoanyi.” (Timoteo I, 3:15) Dzikpɔla siwo le eme kpɔa woƒe nufiafia le hamea me ƒe dzadzɛnyenye ta, eye womenaa nufiafia siwo ƒoa ɖi nu gena ɖe eme o. (Timoteo II, 2:15-18, 25) Woɖea ‘aʋatsonyagblɔɖilawo, aʋatsonufialawo, kple kɔmama gblẽnuwo’ ɖa le hamea me. (Petro II, 2:1) Le apostoloawo ƒe ku megbe la, Sɔlemeha Fofowo ɖe mɔ “beblegbɔgbɔwo kple gbɔgbɔ vɔ̃wo ƒe nufiafia” xɔ aƒe ɖe Kristotɔwo ƒe hamea me.—Timoteo I, 4:1.

Nusi do tso xɔsegbegbe sia me dzena le Kristodukɔa me egbea. Eƒe dzixɔse kple nuwɔnawo to vovo na Biblia me nyateƒea sã.

[Etenuŋɔŋlɔwo]

 [Aɖaka/Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 18]

KAPADOKIA SƆLEMEHA FOFOWO

Agbalẽŋlɔla Kallistos, si nye saɖagaxɔmenɔla gblɔ be: “Orthodɔks-ha la . . . dea bubu tɔxɛ ƒe alafa enelia me ƒe agbalẽŋlɔlawo ŋu, vevietɔ amesiwo woyɔna be ‘Tatɔ Gãtɔ etɔ̃awo,’ siwo nye Gregory si tso Nazianzus, Basil Gãtɔ, kple John Chrysostom ŋu.” Ðe Sɔlemeha Fofo siawo tu woƒe nufiafiawo ɖe Ŋɔŋlɔ siwo tso gbɔgbɔ me dzia? Agbalẽ si nye The Fathers of the Greek Church gblɔ le Basil Gãtɔ ŋu be: “Eƒe agbalẽwo ɖee fia be ƒomedodo kplikplikpli nɔ wo kple Plato, Homer, kple ŋutinyaŋlɔlawo kpakple nuƒola bibiwo dome le eƒe agbe me katã, eye edze ƒã be wokpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe eƒe numeɖeɖewo dzi. . . . Basil kpɔtɔ nye ‘Helatɔ.’” Nenema ke wònɔ le Gregory si tso Nazianzus hã gome. “Eƒe nukpɔsusue nye be woaɖe Sɔlemeha la ƒe aʋadziɖuɖu kple gãnyenye afia nyuie wu ne woxɔ blematɔwo ƒe kɔnyinyiwo de eme bliboe.”

Nufialagã Panagiotis K. Christou ŋlɔ le ame etɔ̃awo katã ŋu be: “Togbɔ be woxlɔ̃a nu amewo le ‘xexemenunya kple beble dzodzro’ [Kolosetɔwo 2:8] ŋu ɣeaɖewoɣi—ale be woawɔ nu wòasɔ ɖe Nubabla Yeyea me sea nu—hã la, wotsɔa veviedodo srɔ̃a xexemenunya kple eŋuti sewo eye wokafua wo sɔsrɔ̃ na ame bubuwo gɔ̃ hã.” Edze ƒã be sɔlemeha me nufiala siawo bui be Biblia ɖeɖe mate ŋu aɖo kpe yewoƒe nukpɔsusuwo dzi o. Ðe wòanye be esi woƒe nufiafiawo to vovo na Biblia tɔ tae wodi kpeɖodzi bubuwoa? Apostolo Paulo xlɔ̃ nu Hebri Kristotɔwo be: “Migana nufiafia bubu ƒomeviwo kple dzrotɔwo nahe mi ayii o.”—Hebritɔwo 13:9.

[Afi Si Míexɔ Mɔɖeɖe Tso]

© Archivo Iconografico, S.A./CORBIS

[Aɖaka/Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 20]

CYRIL SI TSO ALEXANDRIA—SƆLEMEHA FOFO NYAHELA AÐE

Sɔlemeha Fofo siwo hea nya vevie la dometɔ ɖekae nye Cyril si tso Alexandria (375-444 M.Ŋ. lɔƒo). Sɔlemeha ŋutinyaŋlɔla Hans von Campenhausen gblɔ be enye amesi “tea tɔ ɖe nya dzi, ewɔa nu adãtɔe, edze aye, eye dɔ si wòwɔna ƒe gãnyenye kple bubu si nɔ ɖoƒe si wònɔ ŋu xɔ eyama me,” eye egblɔ kpee be “mebua naneke be esɔ o negbe nusi aɖe vi nɛ ahado eƒe ŋusẽ kple ɖoƒe ɖe ŋgɔ ko . . . Ŋutasesẽ kple mɔ gbegblẽ siwo dzi wòtona wɔa nui la mete ɖe edzi gbeɖe o.” Esime Cyril nye bisiɔp le Alexandria la, eto zãnunana, amegɔmezɔlɛtawo, kple ameŋugbegblẽ dzi na woxɔ dɔ le bisiɔp si nɔ Constantinople la si. Wobui be eyae na wowu xexemenunyala xɔŋkɔ si woyɔna be Hypatia ŋutasesẽtɔe le ƒe 415 M.Ŋ. me. Campenhausen gblɔ le Cyril ƒe mawunyaŋutinunyagbalẽwo ŋu be: “Eyae to nyametsotsowɔwɔ le dzixɔse siwo menɔ te ɖe Biblia ɖeɖeko dzi o gake wozãa amewo ƒe nyagbɔgblɔ kple agbalẽ siwo dzi woda asi ɖo me nyayɔyɔwo hã tsɔ ɖoa kpe edzi la ŋu vɛ.”

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 19]

Jerome

[Afi Si Míexɔ Mɔɖeɖe Tso]

Garo Nalbandian