Blema Ze Kakɛwo Ðo Kpe Biblia Me Nuŋlɔɖiwo Dzi

BIBLIA nye Mawu ƒe Nya si tso gbɔgbɔ me. (Timoteo II, 3:16) Nya siwo wògblɔ tso amewo, teƒewo, mawusɔbɔsubɔ kple dunyahehe ƒe nɔnɔme siwo nɔ anyi le blema ŋu la nye nyateƒe. Togbɔ be Ŋɔŋlɔawo ƒe nyateƒenyenye menɔ te ɖe nu siwo ŋu woke ɖo le blematomenukuku me dzi o hã la, nu siwo ŋu woke ɖo la ɖoa kpe ale si míese Biblia me nuŋlɔɖiwo gɔme dzi henaa eme gakɔna ɖe edzi.

Nu siwo ŋu tomenukulawo ke ɖo le blema duwo me ƒe akpa gãtɔ nye ze kakɛwo alo anyinu kakɛwo. Anyinu kakɛwo nye nu siwo dzi woŋlɔa nu ɖo siwo mexɔ asi o le dukɔ siwo le blema Titina Ɣedzeƒe duwo me, eye du siawo dometɔ aɖewoe nye Egipte kple Mesopotamia. Wozãa anyinu kakɛwo tsɔ ŋlɔa dɔwɔɖoɖowo, akɔntabubuwo, kple adzɔnu siwo wodzra la ɖi abe ale si ko wozãa agbalẽ ɖeɖiwo egbeae ene. Zi geɖe la, wotsɔa nuŋlɔtsi ŋlɔa nu ɖe anyinu kakɛawo dzi, eye nuŋɔŋlɔa tea ŋu nyea nya ɖeka ko alo nya gbogbo aɖewo.

Tomenukulawo ke ɖe anyinu kakɛ gbogbo aɖewo siwo dzi woŋlɔ nu ɖo tso keke Biblia ŋlɔɣiwo ke la ŋu le Israel. Anyinu kakɛ siwo dzi woŋlɔ nu ɖo ƒe hatsotso etɔ̃ siwo nɔ anyi tso keke ƒe alafa adrelia kple enyilia D.M.Ŋ. me la le vevie ŋutɔ, elabena woɖoa kpe ŋutinya me nyatakaka vovovo siwo le Biblia me la dzi. Woawoe nye Samaria ƒe anyinu kakɛwo, Arad ƒe anyinu kakɛwo, kple Laxis ƒe anyinu kakɛwo. Mina míalé ŋku ɖe hatsotso etɔ̃ esiawo dometɔ ɖe sia ɖe ŋu nyuie akpɔ.

Samaria Ƒe Anyinu Kakɛwo

Samaria nye Israel dziehe to ewo fiaɖuƒea ƒe fiadu va se ɖe esime Asiriatɔwo tsrɔ̃e le ƒe 740 D.M.Ŋ. me. Fiawo I, 16:23, 24 gblɔ ale si Samaria wɔ va dzɔ la ale: “Le Yuda-fia Asa ƒe ƒe blaetɔ̃ vɔ ɖekɛlia [ƒe 947 D.M.Ŋ.] me la Omri zu fia, eye wòɖu Israel dzi . . . Eye wòƒle Samaria-to la le Semer si klosalo talento eve, eye wòtso du ɖe to la dzi hena ŋkɔ du, si wòtso la . . . be Samaria.” Dua yi edzi nɔ anyi le Romatɔwo ƒe ɣeyiɣiawo katã me, eye ɣemaɣi la wotrɔ ŋkɔ nɛ be Sebaste. Mlɔeba le ƒe adelia M.Ŋ. me la meganye dugã o.

Blema tomenukulawo ƒe ƒuƒoƒo aɖe ke ɖe anyinu kakɛ gbogbo aɖewo siwo dzi woŋlɔ nu ɖo tso keke ƒe alafa enyilia D.M.Ŋ. me la ŋu le blema Samaria le ƒe 1910 me. Ami kple wein siwo wode tɔdziʋu tso nuto siwo ƒo xlã Samaria tsɔ va dua me la ŋuti nuŋlɔɖiwo nɔ anyinu kakɛawo dzi. Esi numekugbalẽ aɖe nɔ nu ƒom tso nu siwo ŋu woke ɖo ŋu la, egblɔ be: “Wobua anyinu kakɛ 63 siwo ŋu woke ɖo le ƒe 1910 me . . . wòsɔ nyuie be wonye blema Israel ƒe nuŋlɔɖi siwo gakpɔtɔ li la ƒe vevitɔwo dometɔ aɖewo. Menye Samaria ƒe anyinu kakɛ siawo me nya gbogboawoe na be wole vevie o, . . . ke boŋ Israel viwo ƒe ŋkɔwo, woƒe ƒomeŋkɔwo, kple duwo ƒe ŋkɔ gbogbo siwo woyɔ ɖe wo me la tae.” (Ancient Inscriptions—Voices From the Biblical World) Aleke ŋkɔ siawo ɖo kpe Biblia me nuŋlɔɖiwo dzii?

Esime Israel viwo xɔ Ŋugbedodonyigba, eye womae na woƒe to ɖe sia ɖe la, Samaria nɔ Manase to la ƒe anyigbamama me. Le Yosua 17:1-6 ƒe nya nu la, wona anyigba Manase ƒe ƒome ewo siwo dzɔ tso Gilead me la ɖe nuto sia me. Woawoe nye Abiezer, Xelek, Asriel, Sexem, kple Semida. Gilead viŋutsu adelia si ŋkɔe nye Xefer ƒe tɔgbuiyɔvi aɖeke  menye ŋutsu o ke boŋ wonye nyɔnu atɔ̃ siwo ŋkɔwoe nye—Maxla, Noa, Xogla, Milka kple Tirza—eye wona anyigba wo dometɔ ɖe sia ɖe.—Mose IV, 27:1-7.

Woŋlɔ ƒome siawo dometɔ adre ƒe ŋkɔwo ɖe Samaria ƒe anyinu kakɛawo dzi—Gilead viŋutsu atɔ̃ sɔŋ ƒe ŋkɔ kple Xefer ƒe tɔgbuiyɔvi nyɔnu eve Xogla kple Noa. Tomenukuku ŋuti gbalẽ aɖe gblɔ be: “Ƒomeŋkɔ siwo dze le Samaria ƒe anyinu kakɛawo dzi la ɖee fia be Manase ƒe ƒomea nɔ anyigbamama si me Biblia gblɔ be wonɔ la me.” (NIV Archaeological Study Bible) Eya ta anyinu kakɛ siawo ɖo kpe Israel towo ƒe ŋutinya gbãtɔ siwo le Biblia me la dzi.

Edze abe Samaria ƒe anyinu kakɛawo ɖo kpe mawusubɔsubɔ ƒe nɔnɔme si nɔ Israel abe ale si wogblɔe ɖe Biblia me ene la hã dzi ene. Le ɣeyiɣi si me woŋlɔ nu ɖe Samaria ƒe anyinu kakɛawo dzi me la, Israel viwo tsɔ Kanaantɔwo ƒe mawu Baal subɔsubɔ tsaka kple Yehowa subɔsubɔ. Hosea ƒe nyagblɔɖi si hã woŋlɔ le ƒe alafa enyilia D.M.Ŋ. me hã gblɔ ɣeyiɣi si me Israel vi trɔdzimewo ayɔ Yehowa be “srɔ̃nye” eye womagayɔe be “nye Baal” azɔ o la ɖi. (Hosea 2:18, 19) Amewo ƒe ŋkɔ aɖewo siwo wokpɔ le Samaria ƒe anyinu kakɛwo dzi gɔmee nye “Baal ye nye fofonye,” “Baal le ha dzim,” “Baal tri akɔ,” “Baal ɖoa ŋku edzi,” kple esiawo tɔgbi. Ne wokpɔ amewo ƒe ŋkɔ 11 siwo me Yehowa ƒe ŋkɔ dze le la, wokpɔa 7 siwo me “Baal” ƒe ŋkɔ dze le.

Arad Ƒe Anyinu Kakɛwo

Arad nye blema dzogbenuto aɖe si woyɔna be Negeb si nɔ Yerusalem ƒe anyiehe gome ʋĩ. Le tomenukuku siwo wowɔ le Arad me la, woke ɖe Israel viwo ƒe mɔ sesẽ ade siwo wotu ɖe wo nɔewo yome siwo nɔ anyi tso Salomo ƒe dziɖuɣi (ƒe 1037-998 D.M.Ŋ.) va se ɖe esime Babilontɔwo tsrɔ̃ Yerusalem le ƒe 607 D.M.Ŋ. me la ŋu. Tomenukulawo ke ɖe anyinu kakɛ siwo dzi woŋlɔ nu ɖo tso Biblia ŋlɔɣiwo me ke la ƒe gbogbotɔ ŋu le Arad. Wo dometɔ siwo wu 200 nye esiwo dzi wotsɔ Hebrigbe, Aramgbe kple gbe bubuwo ŋlɔ nu ɖoe.

Arad ƒe anyinu kakɛ aɖewo ɖo kpe nya siwo Biblia gblɔ ku ɖe nunɔlawo ƒe ƒomewo ŋu la dzi. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, anyinu kakɛ aɖe yɔ “Korax viwo,” ame siwo ŋu woƒo nu tsoe le Mose II, 6:24 kple Mose IV, 26:11 me. Psalmowo 42, 44-49, 84, 85, 87, kple 88 dometɔ ɖe sia ɖe ƒe kpukpui gbãtɔ gblɔe tẽe be ‘Korax viwoe’ kpa ha siawo. Nunɔlawo ƒe ƒome bubu siwo woyɔ ɖe Arad anyinu kakɛwo dzi la nye Pasxur kple Meremot ƒomeawo.—Kronika I, 9:12; Ezra 8:33.

Mina míalé ŋku ɖe kpɔɖeŋu bubu aɖe ŋu kpɔ. Le mɔ sesẽ aɖe, si nɔ anyi do ŋgɔ na ɣeyiɣi si me Babilontɔwo tsrɔ̃ Yerusalem, ƒe glikpowo me la, tomenukulawo kpɔ ze kakɛ si dzi nyawo woŋlɔ ɖo ɖe mɔmefia la. Le agbalẽ si nye The Context of Scripture ƒe nya nu la, nuŋlɔɖi si le edzi ƒe akpa ɖee nye: “Na nye aƒetɔ Eliaxib. Yahweh [Yehowa] nenɔ anyi kpli wò. . . . Le nya si ŋu nède se nam le la: nu sia nu le edzi yim nyuie fifia: ele Yahweh ƒe gbedoxɔ la me.” Agbalẽnyala geɖe xɔe se be gbedoxɔ si ŋu nya wogblɔ le afi sia lae nye esi nɔ Yerusalem, si wotu zi gbãtɔ le Salomo ƒe ɣeyiɣia me.

 Laxis Ƒe Anyinu Kakɛwo

Laxis blemadu sesẽ la nɔ afi si didi tso Yerusalem ƒe anyieheɣetoɖoƒe gbɔ kilometa 43. Le tomenukuku siwo wowɔ le ƒe 1930 me me la, woke ɖe anyinu kakɛ gbogbo aɖewo ŋu, eye wo dometɔ 12 ya teti nye lɛta siwo ŋu wogblɔ le be “wole vevie ŋutɔ . . . le esi wona numekɔkɔ ku ɖe ale si dunyahenyawo nɔ le Yuda kple zitɔtɔ si nɔ dua me esi wonɔ dzadzram ɖo ɖe [Babilon Fia] Nebukadnezar ƒe amedzidzedze si ava godoo la ŋu ta.”

Lɛta vevitɔawo nye esiwo Yaosh, si anya nye aʋafia si nɔ Laxis, kple asrafomegã si nɔ ete la ŋlɔ na wo nɔewo. Atsyã si wotsɔ ŋlɔ lɛta siawo sɔ kple esiwo wotsɔ ŋlɔ nyagblɔɖila Yeremya si hã nɔ anyi ɣemaɣi la ƒe agbalẽa. Kpɔ ale si lɛta siawo dometɔ eve ɖo kpe ale si Biblia ɖɔ ɣeyiɣi sesẽ mawoe dzi ɖa.

Le Yeremya 34:7 la, nyagblɔɖila la ƒo nu tso ɣeyiɣi si me “Babel-fia ƒe aʋakɔ le aʋa wɔm kple Yerusalem kple Yuda-du, siwo katã kpɔtɔ ɖi, siwo nye Laxis kple Aseka; elabena woawo nye du sesẽwo kpɔtɔ le Yuda-duwo dome” la ŋu. Edze abe nudzɔdzɔ ma ke ŋue ame si ŋlɔ Laxis Lɛtawo dometɔ ɖeka hã nɔ nu ƒom tsoe ene. Eŋlɔ bena: “Míele ŋudzɔ be míakpɔ Laxistɔwo ƒe [dzobibi ƒe] dzesiwo [alo aflagawo] . . . , gake míete ŋu le Aseka kpɔm o.” Agbalẽnyala geɖe xɔe se be esia ɖee fia be Babilontɔwo xɔ Aseka, eye Laxis ye nye du si kplɔe ɖo si woaxɔ. Nane si ɖe dzesi le nyatakaka siawo mee nye “aflaga” si woyɔ. Yeremya 6:1 hã ɖee fia be woƒoa nu to mɔ mawo dzi.

Woxɔe se be Laxis Lɛta bubu ɖo kpe nya si nyagblɔɖila siwo nye Yeremya kple Xezekiel gblɔ tso ale si Yuda dze agbagba be yeadi kpekpeɖeŋu tso Egipte gbɔ esime wòdze aglã ɖe Babilon ŋu la dzi. (Yeremya 37:5-8; 46:25, 26; Xezekiel 17:15-17) Wogblɔ le Laxis Lɛta me be: “Fifia nyatakaka si gbɔna va ɖo wò dɔla gbɔ: Aʋafia Konyahu, Elnatan vi, ho yi ɖe anyiehe gome bene yeage ɖe Egipte dua me.” Agbalẽnyala akpa gãtɔ bua nya siawo be enye didi be Egiptetɔwo nava na kpekpeɖeŋu yewo le aʋawɔwɔ me.

Laxis ƒe anyinu kakɛawo hã yɔ ŋkɔ gbogbo aɖewo siwo woyɔ le Yeremya ƒe agbalẽa me. Woawoe nye Neriya, Yaasanya, Gemarya, Elnatan, kple Hosaya. (Yeremya 32:12; 35:3; 36:10, 12; 42:1) Míate ŋu agblɔe kple kakaɖedzi be ame siwo ƒe ŋkɔwo woyɔ la tututue nye emawo o. Gake esi wònye be Yeremya hã nɔ agbe le ɣeyiɣi mawo me ta la, ale si ŋkɔawo sɔ kple wo nɔewo la ɖe dzesi ŋutɔ.

Nane Si Dze Le Wo Katã Me

Samaria, Arad, kple Laxis ƒe anyinu kakɛawo ɖo kpe Biblia me nyakatata geɖe dzi. Nyatakaka siawo ƒe ɖewoe nye amewo ƒe ŋkɔwo, ƒomeŋkɔwo, duwo ƒe ŋkɔwo, kple esiwo ku ɖe ale si mawusubɔsubɔ kple dunyahehe nyawo nɔ ɣemaɣi ŋu. Ke nu vevi aɖe dze le hatsotso etɔ̃awo katã me.

Nyagbe si nye: “Yehowa nena ŋutifafa wò” tɔgbi dze le lɛta siwo ŋu woke ɖo le Arad kple Laxis la me. Woyɔ Mawu ƒe ŋkɔ zi gbɔ zi 11 sɔŋ le Laxis ƒe lɛtawo dometɔ adre me. Gawu la, Yehowa ƒe ŋkɔ si wotso kpuie la dze le Hebrigbe me ŋkɔ geɖe siwo wokpɔ le anyinu kakɛwo ƒe hatsotso etɔ̃ siawo katã me la me. Eya ta anyinu kakɛ siawo ɖo kpe edzi be Israel vi siwo nɔ anyi ɣemaɣi la zãa Mawu ƒe ŋkɔa gbe sia gbe le nuƒoƒo me.

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 13]

Anyinu kakɛ aɖe si wokpɔ le Arad glikpowo me si woɖo ɖe ŋutsu aɖe si ŋkɔe nye Eliaxib

[Afi Si Míexɔ Mɔɖeɖe Tso]

Photograph © Israel Museum, Jerusalem; courtesy of Israel Antiquities Authority

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 14]

Laxis Lɛta aɖe si me Mawu ƒe ŋkɔ dze le

[Afi Si Míexɔ Mɔɖeɖe Tso]

Photograph taken by courtesy of the British Museum