Satan Owo N̄ke m̀mê Ata Owo Ubi?

NTỌN̄Ọ idiọkn̄kpọ emedemede mme ekere-n̄kpọ owo udọn̄ toto ke eset. A Dictionary of the Bible, emi James Hastings ewetde, ọdọhọ ete: “Tọn̄ọ nte owo ekedi edinyene ntatenyịn, enye omosobo mme odudu emi enye mîkemeke ndikara, emi ẹkemede ndinọ unan ẹnyụn̄ ẹkamade nsobo.” N̄wed ndụn̄ọde oro ọdọhọ n̄ko ete: “Mbon eset ke ndammana usụn̄ ẹma ẹsidụn̄ọde ẹyom ndifiọk ntak emi n̄kpọ etịbede, ẹnyụn̄ ẹdọhọ ke mme odudu ye mme edinam obot eken ẹto owo.”

Nte mme ewetmbụk eset ẹdọhọde, ẹkeme ndikụt ke edinịm ke akpanikọ oro nte ke mme demon ẹdide mme abasi ye ndiọi spirit ẹdu, ọkọtọn̄ọ ke ata eset, ke Mesopotamia. Mbon Babylon eset ẹkenịm ke akpanikọ ẹte ke Nergal, kpa abasi afai oro ẹdiọn̄ọde nte “enye emi ọfọpde,” eketie ibuot ke obio ekpo, m̀mê “obio emi unyọn̄ mîdụhe.” Mmọ n̄ko ẹma ẹsikop ndịk ẹban̄a mme demon, emi mmọ ẹkesidomode ndida mme ikọ mfọni nnem esịt. Ke n̄ke mbon Egypt, Set ekedi abasi idiọkn̄kpọ, “oro ẹkesiwụtde nte ebietde esen esen unam oro enyenede ẹwan̄ ewan̄, anyan ibuo emi onụhọde-nụhọ, ọsọbọ-inan̄ utọn̄ emi adade nnennen, ye edisọn̄ isịm emi enyenede mfa.”—Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology.

Okposụkedi mbon Greece ye mbon Rome ẹkenyenede abasi eti ye abasi idiọk, mmọ ikenyeneke n̄wọrọnda abasi idiọk. Mbon akwaifiọk mmọ ẹkekpep ẹte ke nsio nsio edumbet iba ẹdu. Ye Empedocles, mme edumbet emi ẹkedi Ima ye Utọk. Ye Plato, ererimbot ekenyene “Ukpọn̄” iba, enye oro anamde nti n̄kpọ ẹtịbe ye enye oro anamde ndiọi n̄kpọ ẹtịbe. Nte Georges Minois ọdọhọde ke n̄wed esie oro Le Diable (Devil), “ido ukpono mme okpono ndem [mbon Greece ye Rome] eset ikenịmke ke Devil odu.”

Ke Iran, ido ukpono Zoroaster ekekpep ete ke akakan abasi oro Ahura Mazda, m̀mê Ormazd, okobot Angra Mainyu, m̀mê Ahriman, oro ekemekde ndinam idiọk ndien ke ntem akabarede edi Spirit Nsobo, m̀mê Andisobo.

Ke Ido Ukpono Mme Jew, ẹma ẹtịn̄ in̄wan̄-in̄wan̄ ẹban̄a Satan nte Asua Abasi oro akadade idiọkn̄kpọ edi. Edi ke ediwak isua ikie ẹma ẹkebe, ẹma ẹda ekikere mme okpono ndem ẹsabade akpanikọ emi. Encyclopaedia Judaica ọdọhọ ete: “Akamba ukpụhọde ama ada itie . . . ke mme akpatre isua ikie M.E.N. Ke ini emi, ido ukpono [mme Jew] . . . ama enyịme ediwak n̄kpọ ẹban̄ade edumbet iba emi ẹkpepde nte ke n̄kpọsọn̄ odudu idiọkn̄kpọ ye abian̄a ẹbiọn̄ọ Abasi ye odudu eti ye akpanikọ, ke heaven ye ke isọn̄. Etie nte ido ukpono mbon Persia akakara ekikere emi.” The Concise Jewish Encyclopedia ọdọhọ ete: “Ẹkekeme ndinyene ukpeme mbiọn̄ọ [mme  demon] ebe ke ndinịm mme ewụhọ ye ke ndikama mme n̄kpọ n̄kpemeidem.”

Ukpepn̄kpọ Ido Ukpono Mme Ọsọn̄ibuot Christian

Idem kpa nte Ido Ukpono Mme Jew ekenyịmede mme ekikere oro mîdịghe eke Bible ẹban̄ade Satan ye mme demon, mme ọsọn̄ibuot Christian n̄ko ẹma ẹsion̄o mme ekikere oro mîkekemke ye N̄wed Abasi ẹdi. The Anchor Bible Dictionary ọdọhọ ete: “Kiet ke otu ndiọkn̄kan ekikere ido ukpono eset edi nte ke Abasi akafak ikọt esie ebe ke ndikpe ekọmurua ufak mmọ nnọ Satan.” Irenaeus (ọyọhọ isua ikie iba E.N.) okosio ekikere emi edi. Origen (ọyọhọ isua ikie ita E.N.) oro ọkọdọhọde ke “devil ama enyene unen ke idem mme owo” emi okonyụn̄ adade “n̄kpa Christ . . . nte ufak ẹkekpede ẹnọ devil,” ama aka iso nditat ekikere emi.—History of Dogma, oro Adolf Harnack ewetde.

Nte The Catholic Encyclopedia ọdọhọde, “[ndidọhọ ke ẹkekpe ufak ẹnọ Devil] ama enyene akamba udeme ke ukpepn̄kpọ ido ukpono ke n̄kpọ nte tọsịn isua kiet,” ndien enye aka iso ndidi ubak edinịm ke akpanikọ ido ukpono. Mme Ete Ufọkabasi eken, esịnede Augustine (ọyọhọ isua 400-500 E.N.), ẹma ẹnyịme ekikere oro nte ke ẹkekpe ufak ẹnọ Satan. Ke akpatre, ke ọyọhọ isua ikie 12 E.N., mme ekpep ukpepn̄kpọ ido ukpono Catholic oro Anselm ye Abelard ẹma ẹdisịm ubiere nte ke owo ikekpehe uwa ufak Christ inọ Satan edi ke ẹkekpe ẹnọ Abasi.

Mme Nsunsu Ekikere eke Ntọn̄ọ Ntọn̄ọ Eyo Ntatenyịn

Okposụkedi ata ediwak esop Ufọkabasi Catholic mîkosụk inyịmeke ndisioro uyo ke ibuot nneme aban̄ade Satan, ke 1215 E.N., Ọyọhọ Esop Lutheran Inan̄ ama osio se New Catholic Encyclopedia okotde “akpan uwetn̄kpọ mbuọtidem.” Akpa ewụhọ ke uwetn̄kpọ emi ọdọhọ ete: “Abasi okobot devil ye mme demon eken nte nti owo, edi mmọ ẹma ẹkabade ẹdiọk ke idemmọ.” Enye adian do ete ke mmọ ke ẹsịn ọkpọsọn̄ ukeme ndidomo ubonowo. Ekikere emi nte ke devil ye mme demon esie ke ẹsịn ọkpọsọn̄ ukeme ndidomo ubonowo ama afịna ediwak owo ke Ntọn̄ọ Ntọn̄ọ Eyo Ntatenyịn. Mme owo emi ẹkebat ke Satan ekedi ntak n̄kpọ ekededi oro ẹketiede esen esen, utọ nte udọn̄ọ oro owo mîkemeke ndikọk, mbabuat n̄kpa, m̀mê unana mbun̄wụm. Ke 1233 E.N., Pope Gregory IX ama enịm ediwak ewụhọ ndibiọn̄ọ mme ekpep isio ukpepn̄kpọ, esịnede enye oro ọkọbiọn̄ọde mbon Lucifer, kpa mbon oro ẹdọhọde nte ẹketuakde ibuot ẹnọ Devil.

Ikebịghike edinịm ke akpanikọ nte ke ediwak owo ẹsinyene Demon m̀mê mme demon ama edemede ọkpọsọn̄ ndịk—ndịk idiọn̄ ye ifọt. Ọtọn̄ọde ke ọyọhọ isua ikie 13 esịm ọyọhọ isua ikie 17, ndịk ifọt ama atara esịm Europe ye Edem Edere America onyụn̄ atara esịm mme idụt oro mbon Europe ẹkekarade. Idem mme owo nte Martin Luther ye John Calvin, kpa mme anam ukpụhọde Protestant, ẹma ẹnyịme ẹdụn̄ọde ẹyom mme ifọt. Ke Europe, Esopikpe Isio Ukpepn̄kpọ ye esopikpe ererimbot ẹma ẹsikpe ikpe ifọt emi ẹkọn̄ọde ke ikpîkpu ufụmikọ m̀mê ubi ubi edori ikọ. Ẹma ẹsiwak ndida ndutụhọ nnyịk owo enyịme ke idi ifọt.

Ẹma ẹsibiere ikpe n̄kpa ẹnọ mbon oro ẹkenyịmede ke idi ifọt edide ke ndifọfọp m̀mê ke ndiyeyịri mmọ, nte ẹkesinamde ke England ye Scotland. Ke se iban̄ade ibat oro ẹkenọmọde mi, The World Book Encyclopedia ọdọhọ ete: “Nte ndusụk ewetmbụk ẹdọhọde, ọtọn̄ọde ke 1484 esịm 1782, ufọkabasi Christian ama owot n̄kpọ nte  iban 300,000 ke ntak ẹkedide ifọt.” Edieke edide Satan ekedi ntak n̄kpọ mmọn̄eyet eke ntọn̄ọ ntọn̄ọ eyo ntatenyịn emi, mmanie ke enye akada anam utom—mbon unọmọ oro m̀mê mme andikọbọ oro ẹkedide mme enyene-ukwan̄ ifiopesịt ido ukpono?

Se Ẹnịmde m̀mê Se Owo Mînịmke ke Akpanikọ Idahaemi

Se ẹkotde Ntatenyịn ama atara asuana ke ọyọhọ isua ikie 18. Encyclopædia Britannica ọdọhọ ete: “Ukpepn̄kpọ akwaifiọk ye ukpepn̄kpọ ido ukpono ẹban̄ade Ntatenyịn ẹma ẹdomo ndisio Devil mfep ke ekikere mme Christian, ẹdọhọde ke enye edi owo ikpîkpu n̄ke Ntọn̄ọ Ntọn̄ọ Eyo Ntatenyịn.” Ke Akpa Esop Vatican (1869-1870), Ufọkabasi Roman Catholic ama anam n̄kpọ aban̄a ikọ emi onyụn̄ afiak ọdọhọ ke mmimọ imenịm ke Satan kpa Devil odu, afiakde etịn̄ emi ndịk ndịk ke Ọyọhọ Esop Vatican Iba (1962-1965).

Nte New Catholic Encyclopedia enyịmede, “Ufọkabasi Catholic ama ebiere ke mmimọ iyenịm ke mme angel ye mme demon ẹdu.” Nte ededi, Théo, kpa n̄wed ukabadeikọ Ido Ukpono Catholic emi ẹwetde ke usem French, ọdọhọ ke “ediwak Christian mfịn ẹsịn ndinyịme ke devil edi ntak idiọkn̄kpọ oro odude ke ererimbot.” Ke mme isua ndondo emi, mme ekpep ukpepn̄kpọ ido ukpono Catholic ẹdu ke itie nnanenyịn, ifiọkke nte ẹkpenamde mme akpan ukpepn̄kpọ Catholic ẹda ukem ukem ye ekikere eyomfịn. Encyclopædia Britannica ọdọhọ ete: “Etie nte anana-ukpan ukpepn̄kpọ ido ukpono Christian ada se Bible etịn̄de aban̄a Satan nte ‘n̄kpọ oro ẹkerede-kere’ idịghe se ẹkpedade nte ata idem n̄kpọ—edi ẹkpedade nte n̄ke oro ẹkede ndiwụt nte idiọkn̄kpọ edide ata idem n̄kpọ ye udomo oro enye odude ke ekondo.” N̄wed ndụn̄ọde oro etịn̄ n̄ko aban̄a mbon Protestant ete: “Etie nte anana-ukpan Ido Ukpono Protestant eyomfịn ọdọhọ ke iyomke ẹnịm ke devil edi ata owo.” Edi, ndi mme Christian akpanikọ ẹkpenyene ndida se Bible etịn̄de aban̄a Satan nte “n̄kpọ oro ẹkerede-kere”?

Se N̄wed Abasi Ekpepde

Ukpepn̄kpọ akwaifiọk owo ye ukpepn̄kpọ ido ukpono inamke ntọn̄ọ idiọkn̄kpọ an̄wan̄a nte Bible anamde. Se N̄wed Abasi etịn̄de aban̄a Satan edi akpan n̄kpọ ke ndifiọk nte idiọkn̄kpọ ye ndutụhọ owo ẹketọn̄ọde, ọkọrọ ye ntak emi afai emi ẹkemede ndikere nte ndiọkn̄kan ọdiọn̄de-diọn̄ ọdiọk kpukpru isua.

Ndusụk owo ẹkeme ndibụp: ‘Edieke Abasi edide eti ye ima ima Andibot, enye akpasan̄a didie obot idiọk edibotn̄kpọ eke spirit nte Satan?’ Bible ọnọ edumbet emi nte ke kpukpru utom Jehovah Abasi ẹfọn ẹma ye nte ke kpukpru enyene-ifiọk edibotn̄kpọ esie ẹnyene ifụre edimek.  (Deuteronomy 30:19; 32:4; Joshua 24:15; 1 Ndidem 18:21) Ke ntre, anaedi ẹkebot owo eke spirit oro akakabarede edi Satan mi nte mfọnmma owo ndien anaedi enye okokokoi emek ndiwọn̄ọde n̄kpọn̄ usụn̄ akpanikọ ye edinen ido.—John 8:44; James 1:14, 15.

Ke ediwak usụn̄, usụn̄ uwem nsọn̄ibuot Satan ebiet eke “Edidem Tyre,” emi ẹketịn̄de ẹban̄a ke ido uto nte ‘eyede ama’ onyụn̄ ‘ọfọnde ama ke usụn̄ esie toto ke usen emi ẹkebotde enye, tutu ẹkụt enye idiọk ido ke esịt.’ (Ezekiel 28:11-19) Satan ikenenike iban̄a akakan odudu Jehovah m̀mê itie esie nte Andibot. Enye akpasasan̄a didie anam oro ke ini edide Abasi okobot enye? Nte ededi, Satan ekeneni usụn̄ oro Jehovah owụtde unen itie edikara esie. Ke in̄wan̄ Eden, Satan ama etịn̄ n̄kari n̄kari ete ke Abasi ama esịn ndinọ akpa eren ye n̄wan oro se mmọ ẹkenyenede unen ndibọ, emi mfọnọn̄kpọ mmọ okonyụn̄ ọkọn̄ọde. (Genesis 3:1-5) Enye ama okụt unen ndinam Adam ye Eve ẹsọn̄ ibuot ye edinen itie edikara Jehovah, adade idiọkn̄kpọ ye n̄kpa ọsọk mmọ ye nditọ mmọ. (Genesis 3:6-19; Rome 5:12) Ntem Bible owụt ke Satan edi ntak ndutụhọ owo.

Esisịt ini mbemiso Ukwọ, mme angel en̄wen ẹma ẹdiana ye Satan ke nsọn̄ibuot esie. Mmọ ẹma ẹmen idem eke obụk ẹsịne man ẹdiyụhọ udọn̄ idan̄ ye nditọ iban. (Genesis 6:1-4) Ke Ukwọ oro, mme ọsọn̄ibuot angel emi ẹma ẹfiak ẹnyọn̄ọ obio mme spirit edi idịghe “itie-odudu” oro mmọ ẹkedude ye Abasi ke heaven. (Jude 6) Ẹma ẹsụhọde mmọ ẹnịm ke ata n̄kịmn̄kịm idaha eke spirit. (1 Peter 3:19, 20; 2 Peter 2:4) Mmọ ẹma ẹkabade ẹdi mme demon, inyụn̄ inamke utom aba ke idak itie edikara Jehovah edi ẹdu ke idak ukara Satan. Nte an̄wan̄ade, ke adan̄aemi mmọ mîkemeke aba ndifiak mmen idem eke obụk nsịne, mme demon ẹkeme ndisụk nnyene akamba odudu ke ekikere ye uwem mme owo, ndien nte eyịghe mîdụhe mmọ ẹdi ntak ekese afai oro nnyịn ikụtde mfịn.—Matthew 12:43-45; Luke 8:27-33.

Utịt Ukara Satan Emekpere

Ana in̄wan̄-in̄wan̄ nte ke ndiọi odudu ke ẹnam utom mfịn ke ererimbot. Apostle John ekewet ete: “Ofụri ererimbot onyụn̄ esịne ke ubọk andidiọk.”—1 John 5:19.

Nte ededi, ntịn̄nnịm ikọ Bible oro osude owụt ke Devil ke anam mme afanikọn̄ eke isọn̄ ẹnen̄ede ẹsọn̄ ubọk sia enye ọfiọkde ke “ini imọ” ndinam ibak mbemiso ẹkọbide imọ “edi ibio.” (Ediyarade 12:7-12; 20:1-3) Edinen obufa ererimbot emi mmọn̄eyet, n̄kpa, ye ubiak ‘mîdidụhe aba’ ọyọtọn̄ọ ke utịt ukara Satan. Ini oro, ẹyenam uduak Abasi ‘ke isọn̄ kpasụk nte ẹnamde ke heaven.’—Ediyarade 21:3-4; Matthew 6:10.

[Mme ndise ke page 4]

Mbon Babylon ẹkenịm ke Nergal (utịt utịt ubọk ufien), kpa abasi afai odu; Plato (ufien) ekenịm ke nsio nsio “ukpọn̄” iba ẹdu

[Mme Ebiet Ẹdade N̄kpọ Ẹto]

Etụndu: Musée du Louvre, Paris; Plato: National Archaeological Museum, Athens, Greece

[Mme ndise ke page 5]

Irenaeus, Origen, ye Augustine ẹkekpep nte ke ẹkekpe ufak ẹnọ Devil

[Mme Ebiet Ẹdade N̄kpọ Ẹto]

Origen: Ndise Culver; Augustine: Ẹda ẹto n̄wed oro Great Men and Famous Women

[Ndise ke page 6]

Ndịk ifọt ama ada esịm ediwot ediwak tọsịn owo ke mme itie ikie

[Ebiet Ẹdade N̄kpọ Ẹto]

Ẹda ẹto n̄wed oro Bildersaal deutscher Geschichte