Nte Imekeme Ndiberi Edem ke Mme Gospel?

“Ana in̄wan̄-in̄wan̄ nte ke akpa mme Christian ẹketịbi mme gospel ẹwet.”—Burton L. Mack, akani prọfesọ oro ekekpepde n̄kpọ aban̄a obufa Testament.

IDỊGHE prọfesọ emi kpọt enyene utọ ekikere emi. Ediwak nditọ ukpepn̄kpọ Bible ẹdọhọ ke mme n̄wed Bible oro ẹtịn̄de ẹban̄a uwem ye utom Jesus, oro edi, Gospel Matthew, Mark, Luke, ye John, idịghe akpanikọ. Ntak emi ndusụk owo ẹdade mme Gospel nte n̄ke? Nte ekikere mmọ ẹkpenyene ndinam fi ọtọn̄ọ ndikere m̀mê se idọn̄ọde ke mme Gospel ẹkam ẹdi akpanikọ? Ẹyak ise ise.

Ẹdọhọ ke Mme Gospel Idịghe Akpanikọ

Mme owo ikenen̄ekede inyene eyịghe iban̄a mme Gospel tọn̄ọ ke akpa isua ikie E.N. tutu esịm ọyọhọ isua ikie 17 E.N. Nte ededi, ọtọn̄ọde ke ọyọhọ isua ikie 19 E.N. ka iso, ediwak mme ọfiọkn̄wed ẹma ẹtọn̄ọ ndidọhọ ke idịghe Abasi ọkọnọ odudu ẹda ẹwet mme Gospel, ke mme owo ẹkenyụn̄ ẹtịbi mmọ ẹwet. Ke adianade do, mmọ ẹdọhọ ke sia mme andikewet Gospel mîkekwe Jesus, ke mmọ ikekemeke ndiwet se owo ekpeberide edem. Mmọ ẹdọhọ n̄ko ke nte n̄wed Matthew, Mark, ye Luke ẹbietde kiet eken owụt ke mme andikewet mmọ ẹkeyịp kiet eken ẹwet. Mmọ inyụn̄ inịmke ke Jesus ama anam mme utịben̄kpọ, ye nte ke enye ama eset ke n̄kpa nte ẹbụkde ke mme Gospel. Ndusụk mmọ ẹkam ẹdọhọ ke utọ owo nte Jesus ikakam idụhe-du!

Kpa mmọ ẹdọhọ ke Mark ẹkebem iso ẹwet Gospel esie, sia etiede nte ke inyeneke se Mark etịn̄de oro Matthew ye Luke mîtịn̄ke n̄ko. Mmọ n̄ko ẹdọhọ ke Matthew ye Luke ẹkeda n̄wed Mark ẹwet Gospel mmọ, ye nte ke ama enyene n̄wed en̄wen oro mmọ ẹkesion̄ode mme n̄kpọ eken ẹwet. Eyen ukpepn̄kpọ Bible emi ekerede A.F.J. Klijn ọdọhọ ke ọsọ ekikere emi “anam mme owo ẹkere ke mme andikewet Gospel ẹkenyụn̄ ẹsosion̄o se mbon en̄wen ẹkewetde ẹwet.” Utọ ekikere oro anam etie nte ke se mme andikewet Gospel ẹkewetde ẹkedi n̄ke ye nte ke mmọ ẹkeyeyịp se mmọ ẹkewetde. Ekikere emi iyakke mme owo ẹnịm ke Abasi ọkọnọ odudu ẹda ẹwet Bible.—2 Timothy 3:16.

Ndi Mme Andikewet Gospel Ẹkeyeyịp Se Mmọ Ẹkewetde?

Ndi n̄wed Matthew, Mark, ye Luke ndibiet kiet eken owụt ke owo kiet ekeyịp enye eken ewet? Baba. Ntak idọhọde ntre? Ntak kiet edi ke Jesus ama ọn̄wọn̄ọ ọnọ mme mbet esie ete ke edisana spirit ‘ayanam mmọ ẹti kpukpru n̄kpọ oro iketịn̄de inọ mmọ.’ (John 14:26) Mmọdo, ikpaha nnyịn idem nte mme andikewet Gospel emi ẹketide ẹnyụn̄ ẹwet ndusụk n̄kpọ ukem ukem. Edi akpanikọ ke ndusụk mme andikewet Bible ẹma ẹsikot ẹnyụn̄ ẹtịn̄ n̄kpọ ẹban̄a se owo enye eken ekewetde, edi oro idịghe ediyịp n̄kpọ owo n̄wet, akam edi editịn̄ enyịn nnam ndụn̄ọde. (2 Peter 3:15) Ke adianade do, The Anchor Bible Dictionary ọdọhọ ete: “Sia ẹkesitịn̄de-tịn̄ se ẹkesikpepde ini oro ke uyo ẹnọ mme owo, oro ama anam nsio nsio owo ẹkeme ndiwet ukem ukem se Jesus eketịn̄de.”

Luke ọkọdọhọ ke imọ ima inyene nneme ye ediwak mbon oro ẹkekụtde se iketịbede, inyụn̄ ‘itọn̄ọ ke editọn̄ọ itiene kpukpru n̄kpọ nnennen  nnennen.’ (Luke 1:1-4) Ndi oro ebiet owo oro ekeyịpde n̄kpọ owo ewet, m̀mê ewet-n̄ke? Ke akpanikọ ibietke! William Ramsay, emi edide ọdọkisọn̄ nyom n̄kpọeset, ama enen̄ede odụn̄ọde n̄wed Luke, onyụn̄ ọdọhọ ete: “Luke edi ata eti ewetmbụk eset. Ke adianade ye ndiwet mme ikọ akpanikọ, enye enen̄ede ọdiọn̄ọ ndiwet mbụk . . . Ẹkpenyene ndisịn enyịn̄ esie ke otu nta mme ewetmbụk eset.”

Mbon oro ẹkewetde ukpepn̄kpọ Ido Ukpono Christian ke eset, ye se Origen emi ekekpepde n̄kpọ aban̄a ido ukpono ekewetde ke ọyọhọ isua ikie ita E.N. ẹwụt ke apostle Matthew ekebem iso ẹwet Gospel. Origen ekewet ete: “Akpa owo oro ekewetde Gospel ekedi Matthew, kpa akani owo publican oro akakabarede edi apostle Jesus Christ. Enye ekewet Gospel esie ke usem Hebrew ọnọ mme Jew oro ẹkekabarede ẹdi mme Christian.” Ana in̄wan̄-in̄wan̄ nte ke Matthew emi akadade enyịn esie okụt Jesus ikeyịpke se Mark, emi mîkakam ikwe Jesus, ekewetde. Ndi edi akpanikọ nte ke Matthew ye Luke ẹkesion̄o se Mark ekewetde ẹwet, ye nte ke n̄wed en̄wen ama odu oro mmọ ẹkenyụn̄ ẹsion̄ode n̄kpọ ẹwet?

Ndi Ẹkebem Iso Ẹwet Gospel Mark?

The Anchor Bible Dictionary ọdọhọ ke owo ekededi oro ọdọhọde ke Mark ekebem iso ẹwet Gospel esie, ye nte ke Matthew ye Luke ẹkesion̄o eke esie ẹwet, ososu. Kpa ye oro, ediwak nditọ ukpepn̄kpọ Bible ẹkere ke Mark ekebem iso ẹwet Gospel esie mbemiso  Matthew ye Luke, sia mmọ ẹdọhọ ke inyeneke se Mark etịn̄de oro mîdụhe ke mme Gospel eken. Ke uwụtn̄kpọ, Johannes Kuhn, eyen ukpepn̄kpọ Bible eke ọyọhọ isua ikie 19 ọdọhọ ke anaedi Mark ekebem iso ewet Gospel esie. Kuhn ọdọhọ ke edieke mîdịghe ntre, ọwọrọ ke “Mark okosion̄o n̄kpọ mbio mbio ke n̄wed Matthew ye Luke ada ewet Gospel esie.”

Sia Gospel Mark edide n̄kpri-n̄kan Gospel, idịghe n̄kpọ n̄kpaidem nte ke enye idọn̄ọke ekese n̄kpọ oro ẹdọn̄ọde ke mme Gospel eken. Kpa ye oro, oro iwụtke ke enye ke ẹkebem iso ẹwet. Ke adianade do, idịghe akpanikọ nte ke inyeneke se Mark etịn̄de oro Matthew ye Luke mîtịn̄ke n̄ko. Okposụkedi Mark ewetde mbụk utom Jesus mbio mbio, enye asiak se iwakde ibe n̄kpọ 180 oro Matthew ye Luke mîsiakke, ndien emi enen̄ede owụt ke n̄wed Mark edi san̄asan̄a n̄wed oro etịn̄de aban̄a Jesus.—Se  ekebe ke page 13.

Nso Kaban̄a N̄wed En̄wen Oro Ẹdọhọde ke Ẹkesion̄o N̄kpọ Do Ẹwet?

Nso kaban̄a n̄wed en̄wen oro ẹdọhọde ke Matthew ye Luke ẹkesion̄o n̄kpọ do ẹwet? James M. Robinson, emi edide prọfesọ ido ukpono ọdọhọ ke ‘n̄wed emi Matthew ye Luke ẹkesion̄ode n̄kpọ ẹwet edi akpan n̄wed Christian.’ Utọ ikọ oro akpakpa owo idem sia utọ n̄wed oro mîdụhe mfịn, ndien idụhe owo oro ekemede ndiwụt ke akanam utọ n̄wed oro ama odu! Nte enye akasan̄ade osop ofụri ofụri akpakpa owo idem sia nditọ ukpepn̄kpọ Bible ẹdọhọ ke anaedi ediwak owo ẹma ẹnyene n̄wed emi. Ke adianade do, mbon oro ẹkewetde ukpepn̄kpọ Ido Ukpono Christian ke eset ikokotke ito n̄wed emi.

Kere ban̄a emi. Ẹdọhọ ke utọ n̄wed oro ama odu, ye nte ke enye ama owụt ke ẹketo ẹwet Gospel Mark. Ndi utọ ikọ oro itiehe nte “ekọn̄ n̄ke”? Ọkpọfọn owo ekededi oro oyomde ndinịm utọ ikọ emi eti n̄ke emi ọdọhọde ete: “Ọkọi ese kpukpru ikọ ke akpanikọ: [“owo emi enyenede ọniọn̄ ọfiọk ke akpana idụn̄ọde n̄kpọ ise,” The New English Bible].”—Mme N̄ke 14:15.

Mme Gospel Ẹdi Akpanikọ ye Se Ẹkpeberide Edem

Nditọ ukpepn̄kpọ emi ẹmeda nsunsu ekikere mmọ ẹnam mme owo ẹtre ndidụn̄ọde mme Gospel oro ẹnamde ẹnyene nnennen ifiọk ẹban̄a uwem ye utom Jesus. Mme Gospel ẹnam nnyịn ifiọk ke akpa mme Christian ikadaha mbụk uwem Jesus, se enye akanamde, n̄kpa, ye ediset ke n̄kpa esie, nte n̄ke. Ata ediwak mbon oro ẹkekụtde mme n̄kpọ emi ẹdọhọ ke mmọ ẹma ẹtịbe. Akpa mme Christian ẹma ẹnyịme ndiyọ ukọbọ nnyụn̄ n̄kpa ke ntak Jesus. Mmọ n̄ko ẹma ẹnen̄ede ẹfiọk ke ufọn ikpodụhe ndidi Christian edieke Jesus mîkedịghe isọn̄ idikwọrọ ikọ, ikpa, inyụn̄ iset.—1 Corinth 15:3-8, 17, 19; 2 Timothy 2:2.

Ti ete ke ndusụk nditọ ukpepn̄kpọ Bible ẹdọhọ ke Mark ekebem iso ewet Gospel esie, ye nte ke n̄wed en̄wen oro Matthew ye Luke ẹkesion̄ode n̄kpọ n̄ko ẹwet ama osop. Kop se George W. Buchanan, kpa prọfesọ emi ekpepde n̄kpọ aban̄a ido ukpono, etịn̄de aban̄a emi. Enye ọdọhọ ete: “Ndibiat ini ntie n̄kpep mme ekikere oro mînyeneke iwụk iyakke nditọ ukpepn̄kpọ Bible ẹkpep se ikam isịnede ke Bible.” Se ọbọn̄ mbon emi etịn̄de ekekem ye item oro apostle Paul ọkọnọde Timothy ete enye okûkpan̄ utọn̄ ọnọ “mme nsunsu mbụk ye mbụk udịm ubon, emi mînyeneke ufọn, edi emi ẹdemerede mme mbụme ndida nnam ndụn̄ọde utu ke ndideme n̄kpọ ekededi oro otode Abasi emi aban̄ade mbuọtidem.”—1 Timothy 1:4.

Se idọn̄ọde ke mme Gospel ẹdi akpanikọ koro mmọ ẹbụk se mme owo ẹkekụtde ke enyịn. Ẹma ẹnyụn̄ ẹnen̄ede ẹnam ndụn̄ọde mbemiso ẹkewetde mmọ. Mmọ ẹnam nnyịn ifiọk ediwak ndyọ ndyọ n̄kpọ oro ẹban̄ade uwem Jesus Christ. Mmọdo, ukem nte Timothy, nnyịn ikpenyene ndinam item Paul emi: “Ka iso ke se afo ekekpepde, ẹkenyụn̄ ẹkpekde fi ẹte enịm ke akpanikọ.” Nnyịn imenyene ata eti ntak ndinịm ke “Abasi ọkọnọ odudu ẹda ẹwet ofụri N̄wed Abasi,” esịnede ofụri Gospel mbinan̄.—2 Timothy 3:14-17.

[Ekebe ke page 13]

 Edieke Owo Mîkpekewetke N̄wed Mark, Nnyịn Ikpọfiọkke ke . . .

Jesus ama ese mme Pharisee ye ifụtesịt, sia okopde mfụhọ etieti ke ntak isọn̄esịt mmọ (Mark 3:5)

udorienyịn̄ John ye James ekedi Boanerges (Mark 3:17)

n̄wan oro ọkọdọn̄ọde uwọrọiyịp ama abiat kpukpru se enye ekenyenede (Mark 5:26)

Herodias ama enyene udu aban̄a John Andinịm Owo Baptism ye nte ke Herod ama efehe John onyụn̄ ekpeme enye (Mark 6:19, 20)

Jesus ama ọdọhọ mme mbet esie ẹdiduọk odudu esisịt (Mark 6:31)

mme Pharisee ẹma ẹsiyet ubọk ẹsịm ekụn̄ubọk (Mark 7:2-4)

Jesus ama emen nditọwọn̄ akama ke ubọk esie (Mark 10:16)

Jesus ama ama ekpri andikara oro (Mark 10:21)

Peter, James, John, ye Andrew ẹkebụp Jesus mbụme ke ini mmọ ikpọn̄ ẹdude ye enye (Mark 13:3)

akparawa kiet ama ọkpọn̄ ọfọn̄ linen esie efehe (Mark 14:51, 52)

Ke adianade do, odu uwụtn̄kpọ kiet oro Jesus ọkọnọde ye utịben̄kpọ iba oro enye akanamde oro ẹkụtde ke n̄wed Mark kpọt.—Mark 4:26-29; 7:32-37; 8:22-26.

N̄wed Mark ọdọn̄ọ ekese n̄kpọ en̄wen oro mîdọn̄ọke ke mme Gospel eken. Nnyịn iyenen̄ede ima n̄wed Mark edieke inen̄erede itie ikere ufọn oro idibọde ito ofụri se idọn̄ọde ke enye.