the word of Jehovah: See study note on 1Th 1:8 and App. C3 introduction; 2Th 3:1.

may keep spreading rapidly: Lit., “may be running.” The Greek verb “to run” is here used figuratively in the sense of “to proceed quickly and without restraint.” The metaphor of a message running swiftly among people was well-known in the ancient world. But Paul may here have had in mind Ps 147:15, which says that God’s word “runs swiftly.” Both scriptures seem to personify the word of Jehovah, speaking of it as a speedy messenger, or runner, who rushes to his destination in order to carry out the will of his master. Paul is apparently asking the Thessalonian Christians to pray that he and his coworkers might spread the word of truth with urgency and without hindrance. At 1Th 1:8, Paul also commented on the swift spread of Jehovah’s word.​—Compare Mt 24:14; Mr 13:10.

being glorified: That is, highly esteemed and accepted “not as the word of men but . . . as the word of God.”​—1Th 2:13.

faith is not a possession of all people: Here Paul refers to the “harmful and wicked men” who were persecuting Paul and his fellow believers. (2Th 3:2, 3) However, Paul’s words about faith can have a broader sense. His statement is well-founded in examples from his own experience. In the face of the same evidence, some people develop faith, whereas others do not. (Ac 14:1-4; 17:32-34; Heb 11:3) Paul’s statement does not mean that some people are incapable of developing faith. However, true faith is an aspect of the fruitage of God’s holy spirit. (Ga 5:22 and study note) Therefore, in his letters Paul urges his fellow Christians to allow God’s spirit to influence their life. (Ga 5:16, 25; 1Th 5:19) They would thereby fully discern the evidence that provides a solid basis for faith. (Heb 11:1) To obtain the help of the holy spirit, Christians must petition God for it (Lu 11:9-13; 17:5) and study his spirit-inspired Word (2Ti 3:16, 17). Those who refuse to seek such help will not possess faith, abundant though the evidence is.

Now we are giving you instructions: Paul here opens a discussion of a problem that still needed attention in the congregation in Thessalonica. The context indicates that some were not working at all to provide for themselves but were meddling with what did not concern them. (See study notes on 2Th 3:11.) Paul openly counsels them to “work quietly and eat food they themselves earn.”​—2Th 3:12.

to withdraw: Paul advises those in the congregation “to withdraw” from any who were “walking disorderly,” that is, to avoid them, apparently to avoid socializing with them.​—See study notes on 2Th 3:14.

walking disorderly: One reference work explains that the expression means to “behave irresponsibly . . . , apparently without respect for established custom or received instruction.”​—See study note on 1Th 5:14.

the tradition: Or “instruction.” As at 2Th 2:15, Paul here refers to traditions that were proper or acceptable aspects of true worship.​—See study note on 1Co 11:2.

free: Or “without paying.” The same Greek word is used at Mt 10:8: “You received free, give free.”

by labor and toil we were working night and day: Paul may be referring to his hard physical work as a tentmaker. (Ac 18:3) He hoped that by providing for their own needs, he and his companions served as examples that the Christians in Thessalonica and elsewhere could imitate.​—Ac 20:34, 35; 1Th 2:9; 2Th 3:7-10; see Media Gallery, “Paul Works to Support Himself in the Ministry in Thessalonica.”

“If anyone does not want to work, neither let him eat”: Paul quotes counsel that he earlier gave to the Thessalonians, which set the standard for all Christians regarding industriousness. As the context shows, the congregation was not under obligation to provide materially for those who were able to work but refused to do so. (2Th 3:6-15) The exact saying is not found in the Hebrew Scriptures. However, the principle may be based on such scriptures as Ps 128:2; Pr 10:4; and 19:15.

not working at all: The individuals Paul mentions were apparently healthy, but they refused to work to provide for themselves. They wanted to live off others, contrary to God’s counsel on laziness. (Pr 6:6-11; 10:4, 5; 13:4; 20:4; 24:30-34) Some may even have thought that the presence of Jesus Christ was imminent, and they used that misconception as an excuse for not working. (2Th 2:1, 2) They were perhaps imposing an expensive burden on the congregation or on some of its members.​—2Th 3:8.

not working at all, but meddling with what does not concern them: Paul here uses a play on words that was common among ancient Greek writers. The expression “meddling” implies an unhealthy curiosity about matters that are not one’s concern or responsibility. According to one reference work, the whole phrase could be rendered “not keeping busy but being busybodies.”

keep this one marked: The Greek word rendered “keep . . . marked” literally means “to put a sign on.” In this context, it conveys the idea “to take special notice of someone.” Paul had sent clear directions to the entire congregation about avoiding conduct that was disorderly, divisive. (2Th 1:1; 3:6 and study notes) He now urges individual Christians to take note of, or keep marked, a fellow Christian who disobeyed such inspired counsel. He goes on to explain what this would involve.

and stop associating with him: A person who was “walking disorderly” in the congregation was not guilty of practicing a grave sin for which he could be removed from the congregation. (1Co 5:13; 2Th 3:11) Still, he was persisting in a course that could reflect badly on the congregation and that could influence other Christians. Paul thus counsels Christians to “stop associating” with the disorderly one for social occasions or recreation. (Compare 2Ti 2:20, 21.) This action might help the disorderly one to realize that he needed to conform to Bible principles. However, fellow Christians would not completely avoid the person, for Paul advises them to “continue admonishing him as a brother.”​—2Th 3:15 and study note.

continue admonishing him as a brother: The Greek term translated “to admonish” can refer to strong counsel but does not indicate hostility. The motive behind the admonition is loving concern for the person.​—Ac 20:31; see study note on 1Th 5:12.

which is a sign in every letter; this is the way I write: At the end of some of his letters, Paul includes a greeting in his own hand. (1Co 16:21; Col 4:18) Here he adds that this is a genuine “sign” that the letter is from him. Previously, the Thessalonians may have received a letter that was wrongly attributed to Paul, one that was interpreted as indicating that “the day of Jehovah is here.” (2Th 2:1, 2) The “sign” apparently gave the Thessalonians confidence that this second letter to them was truly sent by Paul.