Mɛni Ji Anɔkwale ni Kɔɔ Ŋshɔ ni Egbo Wolokpoi lɛ Ahe?

Nɔ ni fe afii 50 ni eho nɛ lɛ, tɛ ni Bedouin tookwɛlɔ ko fɔ̃ ewo bu ko mli lɛ ha nɔ ni mɛi komɛi tsɛɔ lɛ akɛ afii ohai 20 lɛ mli shitsaa ni fe fɛɛ lɛ mli nibii ashikpamɔ ba. Bedouinnyo lɛ nu akɛ tɛ lɛ ejwa kpulu ni akɛ sũ fee lɛ ni fɔlɔ ebakã mli. Beni etee eyakwɛ lɛ, ena nɔ ni abale lɛ akɛ Ŋshɔ ni Egbo Wolokpoi lɛ ateŋ klɛŋklɛŋ nɔ̃ lɛ.

NƐKƐ wolokpoi nɛɛ ebafee nɔ ni agbalaa jwɛŋmɔ kɛyaa nɔ kɛ nɔ ni teeɔ naataamɔ shi yɛ woloŋlelɔi ateŋ kɛ adafitswaa gbɛ̀i fɛɛ mli. Yiŋfutumɔ kɛ saji ni jeee anɔkwale ni akɛɔ mɛi lɛ fa babaoo yɛ maŋbii ateŋ. Asɛmsroi ni tsɔɔ saji ni atsimɔɔ nɔ yɛ hei babaoo lɛ egbɛ eshwã, ni nɔ ni kɛ enɛ ba ji gbeyei ni asheɔ akɛ wolokpoi lɛ jieɔ anɔkwa saji akpo ni baanyɛ afite Kristofoi kɛ Yudafoi fɛɛ ahemɔkɛyeli. Shi te nɛkɛ wolokpoi nɛɛ tsɔɔ tɛŋŋ diɛŋtsɛ? Yɛ nɔ ni fa fe afii 50 sɛɛ lɛ, ani abaanyɛ ale anɔkwa saji lɛ?

Mɛni Ji Ŋshɔ ni Egbo Wolokpoi Lɛ?

Ŋshɔ ni Egbo Wolokpoi lɛ ji blema Yudafoi aniŋmaai, ní aŋmala babaoo titri yɛ Hebri mli, ekomɛi yɛ Aramaik mli, ni fioo ko yɛ Hela mli. Nɛkɛ wolokpoi kɛ emli fãi lɛ ateŋ babaoo eye fe afii 2,000, ní yɔɔ aahu dani afɔ́ Yesu. Nɔ ni fata klɛŋklɛŋ wolokpoi lɛ ni aná kɛjɛ Bedouinbii lɛ adɛŋ lɛ he ji niŋmalamɔi kpawo ni sɛɛ kɛlɛ ni efite yɛ gbɛ̀i srɔtoi anɔ. Beni atao bui babaoo ni ana lɛ amli lɛ, ana wolokpoi krokomɛi kɛ wolokpoi fãi akpei abɔ. Kɛjɛ afi 1947 kɛyashi afi 1956 lɛ, bui ni wolokpoi yɔɔ mli ni ayana yɛ Qumran masɛi yɛ Ŋshɔ ni Egbo lɛ naabu gbɛ lɛ fɛɛ feɔ 11.

Beni ahala wolokpoi lɛ kɛ fãi srɔtoi lɛ fɛɛ amli lɛ, aná aaashɛ woji ni akɛ niji ŋmala lɛ 800. Aaafee niŋmalamɔi lɛ mlijaa ejwɛ mli ekome aloo nɔ ni fa fioo fe 200  lɛ ji Hebri Biblia ŋmalɛ lɛ ni akwɛ eko nɔ aŋmala lɛ fãi komɛi. Ekomɛi ni akɛ niji ŋmala lɛ damɔ shi kɛha blema Yudafoi aniŋmaai ni jeee Biblia lɛ, ni ji Apocrypha kɛ Pseudepigrapha * fɛɛ.

Wolokpoi lɛ ekomɛi ni tée woloŋlelɔi lɛ ateŋ mɛi babaoo amiishɛɛ shi ji niŋmaai ni aleee yɛ be ko ni eho lɛ mli lɛ. Nɔ ni fata enɛɛmɛi ahe ji shishitsɔɔmɔi ni tsɔɔ saji ni kɔɔ Yudafoi amla, mlai pɔtɛɛi kɛha akutso ni kuu ni yɔɔ Qumran lɛ yɔɔ mli lɛ, jamɔ mli lalafoo wiemɔi kɛ sɔlemɔi ahe, kɛ agbɛnɛ je lɛŋ naagbee he saji ni jieɔ susumɔi ni kɔɔ Biblia gbalɛ mlibaa kɛ naagbee gbii lɛ ahe. Biblia mli shishitsɔɔmɔi ni yɔɔ srɔto ni ji blema nibii babaoo ni tsɔ ŋmɛnɛŋmɛnɛ beaŋ Biblia ŋmalɛi amli tsɔɔmɔi fitsofitso lɛ hiɛ lɛ hu yɛ.

Namɔ Ŋma Ŋshɔ ni Egbo Wolokpoi Lɛ?

Gbɛ̀i srɔtoi ni akɛtsɔɔ bɔ ni abuɔ blema woji abe he akɔntaa lɛ tsɔɔ akɛ akwɛ eko nɔ aŋmala wolokpoi lɛ aloo abua naa kɛjɛ afii ohai etɛ D.Ŋ.B. kɛyashi klɛŋklɛŋ afii oha Ŋ.B. Woloŋlelɔi komɛi asusumɔ ji akɛ Yudafoi ni jɛ Yerusalem lɛ kɛ wolokpoi lɛ eto bui amli dani akpata sɔlemɔtsu lɛ hiɛ yɛ afi 70 Ŋ.B. Shi kɛlɛ, woloŋlelɔi lɛ ateŋ mɛi babaoo ni taoɔ wolokpoi lɛ amli lɛ naa akɛ susumɔ ni tamɔ nɛkɛ kɛ wolokpoi lɛ diɛŋtsɛ mli saji kpãaa gbee. Wolokpoi lɛ babaoo hiɛ susumɔi kɛ kusumii ni kɛ jamɔŋ hegbɛi ni yeɔ nɔ yɛ Yerusalem lɛ kpãaa gbee. Nɔ ni wolokpoi nɛɛ haa aleɔ ji sane ni tsɔɔ akutso ko ni heɔ yeɔ akɛ Nyɔŋmɔ ekpoo osɔfoi kɛ sɔlemɔtsu mli sɔɔmɔ ni yaa nɔ yɛ Yerusalem lɛ, ni ákɛ ebuɔ amɛkuu lɛ mli jamɔ ni yaa nɔ yɛ ŋa lɛ nɔ lɛ akɛ nɔ ni yeɔ sɔlemɔtsu sɔɔmɔ lɛ najiaŋ jogbaŋŋ. Etamɔ nɔ ni ejeee nɔ ko ni baanyɛ aba mli akɛ Yerusalem sɔlemɔtsu lɛ hegbɛi ni yeɔ nɔ lɛ kɛ woji ni abua naa ni wolokpoi ni tamɔ nɛkɛ fata he lɛ aaato.

Eyɛ mli akɛ eeenyɛ efee akɛ mɛi ni kwɛɔ nii anɔ ŋmalaa lɛ akuu ko yɛ Qumran moŋ, shi ekolɛ abua wolokpoi lɛ babaoo naa yɛ he ko ni heyelilɔi lɛ ji mɛi ni kɛba jɛmɛ. Yɛ jwɛŋmɔ ko naa lɛ, Ŋshɔ ni Egbo Wolokpoi lɛ ji wojiatoohe babaoo ni abua naa. Taakɛ eji yɛ wojiatoohe fɛɛ wojiatoohe he lɛ, nɔ ni baanyɛ afata woji ni abua naa lɛ he ji saji babaoo ni asusu he, jeee akɛ fɛɛ miijie ekanelɔi lɛ ajamɔŋ susumɔi akpo diɛŋtsɛ. Shi kɛlɛ, eeenyɛ efee akɛ, nakai ŋmalɛi lɛ ni yɔɔ ni fa babaoo lɛ tsɔɔ miishɛɛ kɛ hemɔkɛyelii krɛdɛɛi ni tamɔ nɔ ni kuu lɛ jieɔ lɛ kpo lɛ.

Ani Essenebii Ji Mɛi ni Yɔɔ Qumran Lɛ?

Kɛ nɛkɛ wolokpoi nɛɛ ji Qumran wojiatoohe lɛ, namɛi ji mɛi ni yɔɔ jɛmɛ lɛ? Nilelɔ Eleazer Sukenik ni ná wolokpoi etɛ kɛha Hebrew University ni yɔɔ Yerusalem yɛ afi 1947 lɛ ji klɛŋklɛŋ mɔ ni kɛ susumɔ lɛ ba akɛ nɛkɛ wolokpoi nɛɛ bafee Essenebii akutso lɛ nɔ̃.

Essenebii lɛ ji Yudafoi akuu ko ni klɛŋklɛŋ afii oha lɛ mli niŋmalɔi ni ji Josephus, Philo ni jɛ Alexandria, kɛ Pliny ni ji Onukpa lɛ tsĩ amɛ tã lɛ. He tuuntu ni Essenebii lɛ jɛ kɛba lɛ ji anɔkwale ko ni bɛ faŋŋ tsɔ, shi etamɔ nɔ ni amɛba yɛ basabasafeemɔ ni ba yɛ Makabibii atuatsemɔ lɛ sɛɛ yɛ afii ohai enyɔ D.Ŋ.B. * Josephus bɔ shihilɛ mli ni amɛyɔɔ lɛ he amaniɛ yɛ nakai be lɛ mli, beni etsɔɔ bɔ ni amɛjamɔŋ susumɔi lɛ yɔɔ srɔto yɛ Farisifoi kɛ Sadukifoi lɛ anɔ̃ he lɛ mli fitsofitso lɛ. Pliny tsɔɔ he ni Essenebii akutso lɛ yɔɔ yɛ Ŋshɔ ni Egbo lɛ masɛi yɛ Yeriko kɛ En-gedi teŋ.

Nilelɔ James VanderKam ni ji Ŋshɔ ni Egbo Wolokpo lɛ he woloŋlelɔ lɛ susumɔ ji akɛ “Essenebii ni yɔɔ Qumran lɛ ji Essenebii akuu wulu lɛ fã bibioo ko kɛkɛ,” nɔ ni Josephus bu akɔntaa akɛ amɛaafee akpei ejwɛ lɛ. Eyɛ mli akɛ saji amlitsɔɔmɔi fɛɛ ni aná kɛjɛ Qumran ŋmalɛi lɛ amli lɛ, ní akɛtsuɔ nii kɛtoɔ mfonirii ni abua naa lɛ he lɛ kɔɔɔ amɛhe jogbaŋŋ kɛmɔɔɔ shi moŋ, shi efeɔ Essenebii lɛ ahe mfoniri jogbaŋŋ fe bɔ ni efeɔ Yudafoi akuu kroko ni ale amɛ yɛ nakai be lɛ mli lɛ he mfoniri.

Mɛi komɛi etsɔɔ akɛ Kristojamɔ ná eshishijee yɛ Qumran. Yɛ fɛɛ sɛɛ lɛ, abaanyɛ ana srɔtofeemɔi babaoo ni yɔɔ faŋŋ yɛ Qumran kuu lɛ jamɔŋ susumɔi  lɛ ateŋ kɛ mra be mli Kristofoi lɛ ateŋ. Qumran niŋmaai lɛ jieɔ Hejɔɔmɔ Gbi he mlai ni yɔɔ kpɛŋŋ diɛŋtsɛ lɛ kpo ni etamɔ nɔ ni aasusu hetsemɔ he kusumii ahe babaoo tsɔ̃. (Mateo 15:1-20; Luka 6:1-11) Abaanyɛ awie nakai babaoo yɛ bɔ ni Essenebii lɛ tsiɔ amɛhe kɛjɛɔ mɛi ahe lɛ he, hemɔkɛyeli ni amɛyɔɔ yɛ shɛɛ mli sane he kɛ susuma lɛ ni gbooo lɛ, kɛ bɔ ni amɛmaa gbalashihilɛ mli ni aboteee nɔ mi kɛ teemɔŋ susumɔi ni tsɔɔ ŋwɛibɔfoi ni amɛfataa amɛhe yɛ amɛjamɔ mli lɛ he. Enɛ tsɔɔ akɛ amɛkɛ Yesu tsɔɔmɔi lɛ kɛ mra be mli Kristofoi lɛ anɔ̃ lɛ kpãaa gbee.—Mateo 5:14-16; Yohane 11:23, 24; Kolosebii 2:18; 1 Timoteo 4:1-3.

Atsĩmɔɔɔ Nibii Anɔ, Aŋɔɔɔ Wolokpoi Ateee

Yɛ afii ni ba yɛ Ŋshɔ ni Egbo Wolokpoi lɛ ni ayana lɛ asɛɛ lɛ, afee woji srɔtoi ni ha woloŋlelɔi ni yɔɔ je lɛŋ he fɛɛ he lɛ ná nibii ni akɛbaaje shishi kɛtao nibii amli. Shi fãi akpei abɔ ni aná kɛjɛ bui amli, ni ale nomɛi akɛ Cave 4 (Bu ni ji 4) lɛ kɛ naagbai babaoo ba. Enɛɛmɛi yɛ majimaji ateŋ woloŋlelɔi akuu bibioo ko ni ato shishi yɛ East Jerusalem (ní kulɛ eji Yordan fã ko lɛ) yɛ Palestine Archaeological Museum lɛ dɛŋ. Yudafoi woloŋlelɔi loo Israelbii woloŋlelɔi ko kwraa bɛ kuu nɛɛ mli.

Kuu lɛ fee gbɛjianɔtoo ko ni haaa mɛi anine ashɛ wolokpoi lɛ anɔ kɛyashi beni amɛkala nɔ ni jɛ amɛ niiamlitaomɔ ni amɛfee lɛ mli kɛba diɛŋtsɛ lɛ. Ahaaa woloŋlelɔi ni yɔɔ kuu lɛ mli lɛ ayi afa tsɔ̃. Kɛ kuu lɛ mlinyo ko gbo lɛ, woloŋlelɔ hee kome pɛ akɛ lɛ baafata he koni eye enajiaŋ. Ehe bahia ni aná kuu ni da waa yɛ nitsumɔ falɛ ni yɔɔ lɛ hewɔ, ni yɛ shihilɛi komɛi amli lɛ, koni aná hesaa ni naa wa waa yɛ blema Hebri kɛ Aramaik mli. James VanderKam tsɔɔ mli nɛkɛ akɛ: “Emli fãi akpei nyɔŋmai abɔ fa kwraa fe bɔ ni mɛi ni le he nitsumɔ ni amɛhe esa lɛ baanyɛ atsu he nii.”

Yɛ Six-Day War (Gbii Ekpaa Ta) ni ba yɛ afi 1967 lɛ hewɔ lɛ, East Jerusalem kɛ ewolokpoi lɛ baje Israel maŋ lɛ nɔyeli hewalɛ shishi, shi akɛ gbɛjianɔtoo mli tsakemɔ ko kwraa tsuuu nii kɛha kuu ni ato amɛhe gbɛjianɔ ni taoɔ nibii amli lɛ. Beni ashashaoɔ shi yɛ wolokpoi ni aná kɛjɛ Cave 4 lɛ mli lɛ kalamɔ mli ní esɛɛ tsɛɔ kɛjɛɔ afii amli kɛboteɔ afii nyɔŋmai abɔ mli lɛ, anu wiemɔ ni etsɔɔɔ gbeekpamɔ kɛjɛ woloŋlelɔi komɛi aŋɔɔ. Yɛ afi 1977 lɛ, Nilelɔ Geza Vermes ni yɔɔ Oxford University lɛ tsɛ lɛ akɛ afii ohai 20 lɛ mli wolokasemɔ mli hiɛshishwiemɔ ni naa wa fe fɛɛ eko. Asɛmsroi babɔi gbɛɛ-kɛ-shwãmɔ ni tsɔɔ akɛ Katolik Sɔlemɔ lɛ ni eje gbɛ eetsĩmɔ nibii anɔ, ní kɛ saji ni jɛ wolokpoi lɛ amli ni baanyɛ afite Kristojamɔ lɛ teeɔ.

Yɛ afi 1980 afii lɛ amli lɛ, aha woloŋlelɔi akuu lɛ mli bii lɛ ayifalɛ yashɛ mɛi 20 yɛ naagbee mli. Kɛkɛ ni yɛ afi 1990 lɛ, aha kuu lɛ mli bii ayifalɛ tee hiɛ ekoŋŋ kɛyashɛ mɛi ni fa fe woloŋlelɔi 50 yɛ niŋmalɔ onukpa fe fɛɛ, Emanuel Tov ni kpaako ahala lɛ, ní yɔɔ Hebrew University yɛ Yerusalem lɛ gbɛtsɔɔmɔ shishi. Akɛ gbɛjianɔtoo ko ni mli wa bɔi nitsumɔ kɛha wolokpoi fɛɛ ni eshwɛ ni woloŋlee yɔɔ mli lɛ kalamɔ.

Hiɛyaa kpele ko ba trukaa yɛ afi 1991. Klɛŋklɛŋ lɛ, akala Preliminary Edition of the Unpublished Dead Sea Scrolls lɛ. Kɔmpiuta yelikɛbuamɔ ni damɔ kuu lɛ wolo ni ato wiemɔi anaa awo mli lɛ nɔ lɛ ji nɔ ni akɛbua enɛ naa. No sɛɛ lɛ, Huntington Library ni yɔɔ San Marino, California lɛ tswa adafi akɛ amɛbaaha woloŋlelɔ fɛɛ woloŋlelɔ nine ashɛ wolokpoi lɛ fɛɛ he mfonirii ni amɛfee lɛ anɔ. Beni akala A Facsimile Edition of the Dead Sea Scrolls lɛ, etsɛɛɛ kɛkɛ ni tsutsu wolokpoi ni akalako lɛ he mfonirii lɛ bafee nɔ ni nine baanyɛ ashɛ nɔ mra.

No hewɔ lɛ, yɛ naagbee afii nyɔŋma lɛ mli lɛ, nine eshɛ Ŋshɔ ni Egbo Wolokpoi lɛ fɛɛ nɔ kɛha niiamlitaomɔ. Niiamlitaomɔ lɛ jie kpo etsɔɔ akɛ nɔ ko kwraa bɛ ni atsĩ naa; wolokpo ko kwraa bɛ ni akɛto. Yɛ be mli ni akalaa wolokpoi ni akpɛlɛɔ nɔ lɛ mli naagbee nɔ̃ lɛ, no dani abaanyɛ aje emlitaomɔ kwraa shishi agbɛnɛ. Wolokpo he woloŋlee yinɔ hee ko eje shishi. Shi mɛɛ shishinumɔ nɛkɛ nii amlitaomɔ nɛɛ yɔɔ kɛha Biblia kaselɔi?

[Shishigbɛ niŋmai]

[Mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 3]

Anaa bui nɛɛ yɛ bui ni yɔɔ Ŋshɔ ni Egbo ni ana blema wolokpoi lɛ yɛ mli lɛ masɛi lɛ ateŋ

[He ni Mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 3 lɛ Jɛ]

Wolokpo mli fãi komɛi: Baafai 3, 4, kɛ 6: Courtesy of Israel Antiquities Authority

[He ni Mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 5 lɛ Jɛ]

Courtesy of Shrine of the Book, Israel Museum, Jerusalem