Ba-Vaudois: batontolodi bakalua bena Mishonyi

Bivua mu tshidimu tshia 1545 ku muaba mulengele udibu babikila ne: Lubéron mu Provence, ku Sud kua France. Bavua basange tshiluilu tshia basalayi bua kukumbaja bualu bukuate buôwa bujudija kudi dikokangana dia bitendelelu. Pashishe bakashipa bantu munkatshi mua lumingu lujima.

MISOKO yakabutuka ne bantu bavuamu kuya mu maloko, bakuabu kubashipabu. Malu a tshikisu avua menzeke ku bianza bia basalayi ba tshimvundu, kushipabu bantu dishipa dibi diakazakeja matunga a ku mputu. Bantu batue ku 2 700 bakafua, ne bakuabu 600 bakabatuma ku diendesha dia mâtu manene a mvita, bakaji ne bana kumonabu mabika ne mala. Mukalenge wa ditunga dia France ne Pape bakatumbisha mfumu wa basalayi uvua mushipeshe bantu abu nunku.

Dishintuluka dia malu a Ekeleziya dikavua dimane kuenzeka mu Allemagne pavua Francis I Mukalenge muena Katolike wa ditunga dia France (uvua divulangana dia malongesha a Mishonyi ditonde) muditue mu dikonkonona bualu bua bantu bavuabu babikila bu batontolodi mu bukalenge buende. Bamfumu ba mu buloba bua Provence bavua batangila bualu ebu bakasangana ne: lungenyi lua ditontolola anyi diabuluka mu malongesha a ekeleziya elu kaluvua anu kudi muntu umue anyi babidi to, kadi luvua luwule mu misoko yonso tente. Dîyi dia kujikija diabululangana edi diakapatuka, kuluabu kudikumbaja pakashipabu bantu mu 1545.

Batontolodi aba bavua banganyi? Bua tshinyi bavua babakengesha ne tshikisu tshikole kudi bena ekeleziya Katolike?

Bakalekela mabanji bua kushala bapele

Bantu bakashipabu tshikondo atshi bavua bena kasumbu ka malu a nzambi ka mu bidimu bia 1100 kavua mu tshitupa tshinene tshiaku Mputu. Mushindu uvua kasumbu aka kafike miaba mivule ne kashale anu katungunuke bidimu nkama ne nkama mmushilangane ne wakenza tusumbu tukuabu tuonso tua batontolodi ba malongesha a ekeleziya. Bamanyi ba malu a kale bavule badi bamba ne: kasumbu aka kakabanga mu tshidimu bu tshia 1170. Mu tshimenga tshia Lyon mu France, ngenda-mushinga mukuabu mubanji diende Vaudès wakatuadija kulonga ne muoyo mujima bua kumanya mushindu wa kusankisha Nzambi. Pamu’apa pakamulenga ku muoyo didimuija dia Yezu diakapeshaye muntu mubanji kampanda bua kupana biende bionso ne kubipesha bapele, Vaudès wakapesha ba mu dîku diende makuta avua akengedibua ne kulekelaye mabanji ende bua kuyisha Lumu luimpe. (Matayo 19:16-22) Abidi mmale asatu mmîpi, yeye kupeta balongi  bakaluabu kubikila pashishe ne: ba-Vaudois. *

Bupele ne mudimu wa diyisha ne Bible, ke malu avua Vaudès mutambe kuikala nawu mu mutu. Dibenga bua balombodi ba ekeleziya kuikalabu ne mabanji kadivua bualu bupiabupia to. Tshikondo kampanda, balombodi bavule bavua batontolodi ba malongesha a ekeleziya bakaleja patoke muvua bilele bibi bikale mu ekeleziya ne dilombola dibi kabidi. Kadi Vaudès uvua muntu wa tshianana, kavua ne muanzu mu ekeleziya to, ke muvua kabidi bantu bavule bavua balonda malongesha ende. Bualu ebu budi buleja tshivuaye muenzele bua kuikale Bible mu muakulu wabu uvua bantu bonso bakula. Bu muvua Bible wa mu Latin muikale anu kudi bamfumu ba ekeleziya, Vaudès wakalongolola bantu bua kukudimuna mikanda ya Evanjeliyo ne mikanda mikuabu ya mu Bible mu muakulu wa Franco-Provençal uvua bantu bonso bumvua mu France wa pankatshi ne wa ku Est. * Bua kutumikila dîyi diakatuma Yezu bua kuyisha, Bapele ba mu Lyon aba bakayisha mukenji wabu mu bantu bavule. (Matayo 28:19, 20) Mumanyi wa Malu a kale Gabriel Audisio udi umvuija ne: ditamba kuyishayisha diabu mu bantu diakalua tshilumbu tshikole pankatshi pa ekeleziya ne ba-Vaudois.

Bakabenga Ekeleziya Katolike ne kuluabu batontolodi

Matuku au, mudimu wa diyisha uvua anu wa balombodi ba ekeleziya, ne ekeleziya ke uvua ne bukenji bua kupa muntu bukokeshi bua kuyisha. Balombodi ba ekeleziya bavua bangata ba-Vaudois bu bimbuluntuntu bipangi bia mukanda, kadi mu 1179 Vaudès wakakeba bua Pape Alexandre III kumuanyishila patoke bua kuyisha. Bakamuanyishila, kadi bepiskopo ba muaba uvuaye musombele bavua ne bua kuanji kuleja ne: bavua bitabe pabu bua yeye kuyisha. Mumanyi wa Malu a kale Malcolm Lambert udi uleja ne: abi “bivua anu bu dibenga kumuitabila menemene.” Nunku Jean Bellesmains (Muepiskopo mukulu wa mu Lyon), wakela mukenji uvua ukandika diyisha dia bantu bavua kabayi ne mianzu mu ekeleziya. Vaudès wakandamuna ne mêyi adi mu Bienzedi 5:29 adi amba ne: ‘Butudi nabu mbua kutumikila mêyi a Nzambi kumpala kua mêyi a bantu.’ Bu muakabenga Vaudès kutumikila mukenji wa dikandika eu, bakamuipata mu ekeleziya mu 1184.

Nansha muvuabu bipata ba-Vaudois mu buloba bua dioseze dia Lyon ne babasubisha bua kumbukabu mu tshimenga atshi, mbimueneke se: mukenji wa kumpala uvuabu babelele eu utshivua pamu’apa anu wa ku mishiku patupu. Bantu bavule ba tshianana bavua bakosela ba-Vaudois katshi bua bulelela buabu ne bua bikadilu biabu bimpe, too ne bepiskopo batshivua anu batungunuka ne kuyikila nabu.

Bilondeshile Euan Cameron, mumanyi wa Malu a kale, bidi bimueneka ne: bayishi ba mu kasumbu ka ba-Vaudois kabavua “baluisha Ekeleziya wa bena Lomo eu anu bua disanka to.” Bavua “bajinga bua kuyisha ne kulongesha” patupu. Bamanyi ba Malu a kale badi bamba ne: tshivua tshifikishe kasumbu aka ku ditapuluka ne ekeleziya mmikandu mipitepite bungi ivuabu anu benda babelela, babafinakaja ne babanyangila lumu luabu. Ku ndekelu kua malu onso avua Ekeleziya ubenzela aa, Tshipangu Tshinayi tshia Latran tshiakapatula mukenji wa dikandika ba-Vaudois mudimu wabu ne dibipata mu  ekeleziya mu 1215. Nunku ntshinyi tshiakenzekela mudimu wabu wa diyisha?

Badi bapingana tshianyima

Vaudès wakafua mu 1217, kukengeshabu bantu bavua bamulonda e kutangalakabu mu bibandabanda bia ku mikuna ya Alpes mu France, mu Allemagne, ku mutu kua Italie, ne ku Mputu wa munkatshi ne wa ku Est. Dikengesha dia ba-Vaudois diakabafikisha kabidi bua kusombela mu misoko ne diakabapangisha mua kuenza mudimu wabu wa diyisha miaba ya bungi.

Mu 1229, Ekeleziya wa Katolike wakajikija mvita yende ya Krwazade ivuaye uluisha ba-Cathare (peshi ba-Albigeois) kuinshi kua France. * Pashishe mvita eyi yakakuata ba-Vaudois. Kuluabu kuteka Kabadi bua kunyoka bantu bonso bavua baluisha ekeleziya. Buôwa buakasaka ba-Vaudois bua kupingana tshianyima. Kubangila mu 1230, kabavua bayisha kabidi pa bantu. Audisio udi umvuija ne: “Pamutu pa kuya kakeba mikoko mipiamipia . . . , bakadifila anu mu ditshiunga bantu bakavuabu nabu mu kasumbu, babakuatshisha bua kushalabu bajalame mu ditabuja nansha muvua bantu bakuabu babakengesha.” Udi wamba kabidi ne: “bavua anu banange mudimu wa diyisha, kadi bakavua bawenza munga mushindu.”

Malongesha ne bilele biabu

Pamutu pa kuitabila balume ne bakaji bua kuikalabu bonso bayisha, kubangila mu bidimu bia 1300 ba-Vaudois bakenza bua bayishi bikale bashilangane ne bena kuitabuja. Anu bantu bavua balonge bapete dimanya divule ke bavua benza mudimu wa bulami. Basadidi bena ngendu aba bakalua kubanga kubabikila ne: ba-barbe (batatu).

Ba-barbe bavua bakumbula mêku a ba-Vaudois ku nzubu yabu, baditatshisha bua kulama kasumbu kabu bua kakafu, kadi kabayi babuejamu bantu bakuabu to. Ba-barbe bonso bavua bamanye kubala ne kufunda, ne malu a mu Bible ke avuabu balonga bidimu bitue ku bisambombo bijima. Bible wa mu muakulu wabu uvuabu nende wakabambuluisha bua kumumvuija mu bisumbu biabu bimpe. Nansha baluishi babu bavua bitaba ne: ba-Vaudois ne bana babu bavua batambe kulamata ku malu a mu Bible bikole ne bavua batela mu miyuki yabu bitupa binene bia mvese ya mu Mukanda wa Nzambi.

Amue malu avua ba-Vaudois ba kumpala babenga avua: dishima, dilongesha dia mpurgatoriyo, Misa ya bafue, dijikijilangana dia mpekatu kudi Pape ne ditendelela dia Mariya ne bantu badibu babikila ne: bansantu. Tshidimu tshionso bavua kabidi benza Didia dia Mukalenge anyi Didia dia ndekelu. Bilondeshile mudi Lambert wamba, mushindu wabu wa kutendelela “uvua bushuwa wa ntendelelu wa bantu ba tshianana bavua kabayi ne mianzu.”

Bavua bena “mpala ibidi”

Bisumbu bia ba-Vaudois bivua bilamatangane bikole. Bavua baselangana anu buobu ne buobu, ne mu bungi bua bidimu nkama ne nkama, biakafikisha bantu ku ditua ba-Vaudois mêna. Nansha nanku, ba-Vaudois bakatuadija kusokoka malongesha abu bua kuepukabu lufu. Bu muvuabu basokoka malongesha abu ne bilele biabu, bakapetesha baluishi babu mpunga wa kubabanda, tshilejilu babamba ne: bavua batendelela Diabolo. *

Bua ba-Vaudois kutuyisha malu avuabu bababanda nawu aa, balekela malongesha abu ne kubanga kuenza tshidi mumanyi wa Malu a kale Cameron ubikila ne: “difuanangana dikese” ne Ekeleziya wa Katolike. Ba-Vaudois bavule bavua belela bansaserdose ba bena Katolike komfensio, babuela mu Misa, bangata mâyi mansantu, benza ne ngendu ya masambila. Lambert udi uleja ne: “Bakavua benza malu mavule anu muvua bena mutumba nabu ba mu Katolike benza.” Audisio udi wamba patoke ne: ndekelu wa bionso, ba-Vaudois “bakalua bena mpala ibidi.” Udi wamba kabidi ne: “Bakavua ku lumue luseke badileja ku bantu bu bena Katolike bua kusombabu ku matshi talala; kadi ku lukuabu luseke, balonda ndambu wa bilele ne bibidilu biabu anu munkatshi muabu bua kuleja ne: kasumbu kabu kavua katungunuke ne kuikalaku, kakavua kafue to.”

Batontolodi badi balua bena Mishonyi

Mu bidimu bia 1500, kuakenzeka Dishintulula dinene dia malu a ntendelelu ku Mputu. Bantu bavuabu bakengesha bua malu a ntendelelu bavua balomba mbulamatadi bua kupeta budikadidi bua  kutendelela mu ditunga diabu peshi bapatuka ditunga bua kukeba muaba uvuabu mua kutendelela mu ditalala. Kabatshivua kabidi batamba kuakula bua babuludianganyi anyi batontolodi, bualu bantu bapite bungi bakavua bela malongesha a ekeleziya mpata.

Mu 1523, Martin Luther Mushintuludi wa malongesha a ekeleziya mumanyike bimpe wakatela bualu bua ba-Vaudois. Mu 1526 umue wa mu ba-barbe ba ba-Vaudois wakapingana ku mikuna ya Alpes ne mukenji wa dikudimuka dia malu a ntendelelu ku Mputu. Panyima pa bualu ebu kuakalua tshikondo tshivua bena Mishonyi bashintakajangana malongesha ne ba-Vaudois. Bena Mishonyi bakakankamija ba-Vaudois bua kuludika mudimu wa dikudimuna Bible mu Mfualansa, bamumbusha mu tshiena-Ebelu ne tshiena-Gelika. Pakapatukaye mu 1535, bakabanga kumubikila ne: Bible wa Olivétan. Kadi bualu bua tuseku mbua se: ba-Vaudois bavule kabavua bamanye Mfualansa to.

Pakatungunuka Ekeleziya wa Katolike ne kubakengesha, ba-Vaudois bapite bungi bakaya kusombela mu buloba bua Provence muvuabu mu ditalala kuinshi kua France kuvua bena Mishonyi ba mu matunga makuabu balue pabu kusombela. Bamfumu kabakanenga bua kumanya bualu bua dilua diabu to. Nansha muvua bantu ba bungi banyisha nsombelu ne bikadilu bilenga bivua nabi ba-Vaudois, bamue bavua bamba ne: kabavua ne lulamatu to, ne bavua bababanda bu bajudiji ba bimvundu mu bantu. Bakapatula mukenji wa Mérindol wakashipesha bantu ba bungi menemene anu mutudi bambe ku mbangilu kua tshiena-bualu etshi.

Bena Katolike kabatshivua bapetangana kabidi ne ba-Vaudois bimpe to. Bua kudisungila pavuabu babunda, ba-Vaudois bavua bakeba biluilu bia mvita. Bimvundu ebi biakabasaka bua kubuela mu tshisumbu tshia bena Mishonyi. Ke muakadisanga ba-Vaudois ku buena Mishonyi bua menemene nanku.

Mu bule bua bidimu nkama ne nkama, bisumbu bia ba-Vaudois mbilue kujalama mu matunga a kule ne France, bu mudi mu Uruguay ne mu États-Unis. Kadi, bamanyi ba bungi ba Malu a kale badi dîyi dimue ne Audisio udi wamba ne: “Bu-Vaudois buakashikila tshikondo tshia Dishintulula dia malongesha a ekeleziya” pavuabu “babumine” kudi buena-Mishonyi. Bulelela, kasumbu ka ba-Vaudois kakajimija lukunukunu luaku lua ntuadijilu kukadi bidimu nkama ne nkama mpindieu. Biakenzeka nanku pakalekela bena mu kasumbu aka diyisha ne dilongesha dia mu Bible bua buôwa.

[Mêyi adi kuinshi]

[Karte/​Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 23]

(Bua kumona malu bimpe, tangila mu mukanda)

Miaba ivua malongesha a mabuele

FRANCE

Lyon

PROVENCE

Lubéron

Strasbourg

Milan

Rome

Berlin

Prague

Vienne

[Tshimfuanyi]

Ba-Vaudois bakaludika mudimu wa dikudimuna dia Bible wa Olivétan wa mu 1535

[Mêyi a dianyisha]

Bible: © Cliché Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris

[Bimfuanyi mu mabeji 20, 21]

VAUDÈS

Badi bosha bakaji bakulakaje babidi ba mu ba-Vaudois

[Mêyi a dianyisha]

Dibeji 20 ne 21: © Landesbildstelle Baden, Karlsruhe