Ebla: tshimenga tshia kale tshikavuabu bapue muoyo

TELEJA MU

Ebla: tshimenga tshia kale tshikavuabu bapue muoyo

Mu 1962, Paolo Matthiae, nsongalume mukuabu wa bena Italie uvua wenda ukebulula bishadile bia ku bintu bia kale, wakaya kubikebela mu mpata ya ku luseke lua ku Nord-Ouest kua ditunga dia Syrie. Kavua nansha mutekemene bua kupetamu bintu bia nsongo to. Bavua bamba ne: mu ditunga dia Syrie kamuvua miaba ivuabu mua kupeta bintu bia kale ebi to. Pabi, mu bintu biakakalulabu mu buloba kunyima kua bidimu bibidi mu Kakunakuna ka Mardikh (mutantshi wa kilometre bu 60 ku Sud kua Aleppo), muakapatuka tshintu tshidi bantu ba bungi bangata bu “tshintu tshia mushinga wa bungi menemene ku bishadile bionso bia ku bintu bia kale bidibu bapete mu bidimu bia 1900.’

MIFUNDU ya kale ivua ileja ne: tshimenga tshia Ebla tshivuaku. Kadi ku miaba mivule ivua mitangalake ku Moyen-Orient, kakuvua muntu uvua mumanye muaba uvuabu mua kusangana tshimenga etshi to. Mifundu mikuabu ivua yamba muvua Sargon, mukalenge wa Akkad, mutshimune tshimenga tshia “Mari, tshia Yarmuti ne tshia Ebla.” Mikuabu yakakula bua Mukalenge Gudea wa bena Sumérie wakangata mabaya a mushinga mukole akafumina ku “mikuna ya Ibla [Ebla].” Dîna edi Ebla divua kabidi mu Karnak (mu Ejipitu) munkatshi mua bimenga bia bungi bia kale bivua Palô Thoutmosis III mutshimune. Mpindieu tudi mua kumvua bua tshinyi bantu batu balonga bishadile bia ku bintu bia kale benza muabu muonso bua kumanya muaba uvua tshimenga tshia Ebla.

Kadi bakapeta binga bintu bia mushinga mukole pakaluabu kukalula kabidi mu buloba. Tshilejilu, mu 1968 bakajula mu buloba tshitupa tshia lupingu lua Ibbit-Lim, mfumu wa mu tshimenga tshia Ebla. Bavua bafundapu mêyi a diditshipa nawu mu muakulu wa bena Akkad avua aleja ne: bavua baluenzele nzambi-mukaji Ishtar uvua “mutumbe bikole mu Ebla.” Bintu bia kale biakajulabu mu buloba ebi biakatuadija kuleja “muakulu, miyuki ya malu a kale ne nshidimukilu bivuabu kabayi banji kumvua katshia.”

Bakalua kujadika mu 1974 ne mu 1975 ne: Kakunakuna ka Mardikh kavua tshimenga tshia kale tshia Ebla pakajulabu mabue avua ne mifundu ivua itela dîna dia kale edi misangu ya bungi. Bintu abi biakaleja kabidi ne: tshimenga etshi tshivuaku muaba au misangu ibidi. Kunyima kua tshikondo tshivuatshi tshiende lumu, bakalua kutshibutula. Pashishe kuibakululabu tshimenga atshi tshia Ebla; kadi kuluabu kutshibutula tshiakabidi, bantu e kutshipuabu muoyo munkatshi mua bidimu bivule.

Tshimenga tshimue, malu adibu balonda a bungi

Bavua bibakila bimenga bia bungi bia kale miaba ivua misulu ipitshila kumpala, bu muaba eu udi pankatshi pa musulu wa Tigre ne wa Pelata; mmiaba ivuabu batamba kudimina madimi. Bimenga bia kumpala bidibu batele mu Bible bivua mu tshitupa tshia Mesopotamia. (Genese 10:10) Bidi bimueneka ne: dîna edi Ebla didi diumvuija “Dibue ditoke,” bileja tshibuebue tshivua muaba uvuabu bashile tshimenga etshi. Bavua mua kuikala basungule muaba eu bualu tshibuebue etshi tshivua tshifila mushindu wa kupeta mâyi a muinshi mua buloba avua ambuluisha bikole bualu misulu minene ivua mutantshi mule.

Bungi bua mvula ivua iloka muaba uvua tshimenga tshia Ebla buvua buenze bua bantu kutamba kudima bintu bu mudi matala, mvinyo ne mitshi ya olive. Muaba eu uvua muimpe kabidi menemene bua kumunyina bimuna, nangananga mikoko. Muaba uvua tshimenga tshia Ebla (pankatshi pa mpata wa Mesopotamia ne muelelu wa Mbuu Munene) wakatshivuija muaba muimpe wa kuendela mushinga wa mabaya, wa mabue a mushinga mukole ne wa biamu bikuabu bia muinshi mua buloba. Ebla tshivua tshimenga tshia ditunga edi tshivuabu basombele kudi bantu batue ku 200 000, pabuipi ne tshia dikumi tshimue tshia ku bantu abu bavua basombele mu tshimenga tshikulu etshi.

Bishadile bia ku nzubu mukuabu munene bidi bijadika muvua bena mu Ebla bikale bakadi bashidimuke bikole. Bavua babuelela mu nzubu wa mukalenge ku tshiibi tshinene tshia bule bua metre matue ku 12 anyi too ne ku 15. Bavua badiundishe nzubu eu misangu ne misangu bua kumona mua kuenzelamu midimu ya mbulamatadi ivua anu yenda ivulangana. Mianzu ya bena mbulamatadi ivua ilondangana mu mushindu mukole mua kuumvua: bavua bambuluisha mukalenge ne mukalenge-mukaji wende kudi “bamfumu” ne “bakulu” anyi bangovena.

Mbapete mabue a kufundila a dima, makuabu majima makuabu bipese onso masanga mapite pa 17 000. Ku ntuadijilu, kuvua mua kuikala mabue majima mapite pa 4 000, malama bimpe mu bitekelu bia mabaya. Mifundu eyi idi ijadika muvua bantu batamba kuenda mushinga mu tshimenga tshia Ebla. Tshilejilu, tshimenga etshi tshivua tshienda mushinga ne Ejipitu, anu mudibi bileja kudi bimanyinu bia ba Pâlo babidi. Mabue aa avua ne mifundu ya bena Sumérie. Kadi amue avua mafunda mu muakulu wa bena Ebla, muakulu wa kale wa bena Sheme uvuabu bajingulula ku diambuluisha dia mifundu ivua pa mabue aa. Balongi ba malu a ku Asia bakakema bikole pakasanganabu muakulu wa bena Sheme eu uvuabu bakula kale menemene. Nebikukemeshe bua kumona ne: amue mabue adi ne milongo ya malu mafunda mu miakulu ibidi: aa mu wa bena Sumérie ne makuabu mu wa bena Ebla. Mukanda kampanda udi ubikila mabue aa ne: “Nkonga-miaku ya kale kale.”—Ebla—Alle origini della civiltà urbana.

Bidi bimueneka ne: Ebla uvua ne basalayi bamanye mudimu, bualu bimfuanyi bidibu bazola bidi bileja basalayi ba mu Ebla benda bashipa baluishi babu anyi bileja mitu ya bantu ivuabu bakose. Nansha nanku, butumbi bua Ebla buakajika pakatuadija ditunga dia Ashû ne dia Babulona kulua ne bukole bua bungi. Ki mbipepele bua kulondolola bimpe menemene malu mushindu uvuawu menzeke to, kadi bidi bimueneka ne: tshia kumpala, Sargon I (ki n’Sâgona udibu batele mu Yeshaya 20:1 to) ne pashishe muanende wa balume Naram-Sin bakela bena Ebla mvita. Bintu bivuabu bajule muinshi mua buloba bidi bijadika ne: ivua mvita mikole ya katshi ku dînu.

Kadi anu mutukavua baleje, bakibakulula tshimenga etshi ne kutumbatshi kabidi bikole kupita bimenga bia mu tshitupa atshi. Bakibakulula tshikuabu tshipiatshipia bilondeshile plan mujalame, e kuluatshi kutumba kabidi kupita ne kumpala. Mu tshitupa tshia kuinshi kua tshimenga etshi muvua muaba wa tshijila uvuabu benzele nzambi-mukaji Ishtar. Bena Babulona bavua bangata nzambi eu kabidi bu nzambi-mukaji wa lulelu. Pamuapa ukadi mua kuikala mumvue bua Tshiibi etshi tshiende lumu tshia Ishtar, tshivuabu bapete muaba uvua Babulona. Kudi nzubu munenanenayi mu Ebla; bidi bimueneka ne: bavua balaminamu nyama ya ntambue ivuabu bamba muvuayi ya tshijila ku mêsu kua nzambi-mukaji Ishtar. Ebi bidi bitufikisha mpindieu ku diakula bua ntendelelu uvua mu Ebla.

Ntendelelu mu Ebla

Anu muvuabi miaba yonso mu Asia kale, mu Ebla bantu bavua batendelela nzambi ya bungi. Imue ya kudiyi ke Bâla, Hadad (dîna didi dimueneka bu didi mu mêna a bamue bakalenge bena Sulia), ne Dagan. (1 Bakelenge 11:23; 15:18; 2 Bakelenge 17:16) Bena mu Ebla bavua bayinemekela buonso buayi. Bavua batendelela too ne nzambi ya bisamba bikuabu. Bishadile bia bintu bia kale bidibu bangule bidi bileja ne: nangananga mu bidimu bia 1000 ne pamutu kumpala kua diledibua dia Yezu, bavua batendelela kabidi bakalenge bakavua bafue.

Bena mu Ebla kabavua beyemena nzambi yabu ne muoyo mujima to. Tshimenga tshipiatshipia tshia Ebla tshiakibakululabu tshivua tshinyungulula kabidi ne bimanu binene bile bibidi bivua bikuatshisha baluishi babu buôwa bibi. Bimanu bivua pambelu bivua biobi ne nyunguluilu wa kilometre mitue ku isatu. Miaba ivua bimanu abi itshidi anu imueneka too ne lelu’eu.

Kadi nansha nanku, bakalua anu kubutula kabidi tshimenga tshia Ebla tshivuabu basulule etshi. Pamuapa bena Hiti ke bakatshimuna bua kashidi tshimenga tshinene, bu mu tshidimu tshia 1600 kumpala kua Yezu. Badi bamba mu musambu mukuabu wa kale ne: Ebla “wakabozeka bu luesu lua dibungu.” Ku kakese ku kakese bantu bakabanga kupua tshimenga atshi muoyo. Mukanda mufunda kudi basalayi bakakuata Yelushalema mu 1098 udi utela dîna dia muaba uvua Ebla kumpala, wamba muvua tshimenga tshikale bu kamponya mu ditunga, batshinyike ne: Mardikh. Bantu bakavua bapue tshimenga tshia Ebla muoyo bulelela, kadi bakalua kutshivuluka tshiakabidi kunyima kua bidimu nkama mivule.

[Kazubu mu dibeji 14]

EBLA NE BIBLE

Mu 1976 bakapatula tshiena-bualu tshikuabu mu tshibejibeji kampanda tshiakakoka ntema ya balongi ba malu a Bible. (Biblical Archeologist) Muntu uvua mumanye diumvuija dia mifundu ivua pa mabue a Ebla wakamba ne: ku bintu bivuabu bafunde pa mabue au, bavua batelapu mêna a bantu ne a miaba biakaluabu kutela mu Bible kunyima kua bidimu bia bungi. Bamue bantu aba bakamba mene malu avua tshiena-bualu atshi katshiyi tshiambe, kutuadijabu kufunda ne: Ebla mmupatule bijadiki bia mu bishadile bia ku bintu bia kale bidi bileja bujalame bua muyuki wa mu Genese. * Muena Jezuite Mitchell Dahood wakamba ne: “Mabue a dima mafundila malu [a mu Ebla] adi atokesha miaba idi mîdima mu Bible.” Tshilejilu, uvua witaba ne: mabue aa avua mua kuambuluisha bua kumvuija “mudi dîna dia Nzambi wa bena Isalele dikale dia kale menemene.”

Mpindieu badi bakonkonona mifundu eyi ne ntema yonso. Bu mudi muakulu wa bena Ebelu ne wa bena Ebla mikale miakulu ya bena Sheme, bidi mua kuenzeka bua se: amue mêna a bimenga anyi a bantu ikale mafuanangane anyi apetangane ne adi mu Bible. Kadi ebi kabiena bijadika ne: adi bantu anyi miaba ya muomumue to. Tuindile bua kumona mushindu wikala bintu bidibu bapete mu Ebla mua kushintulula dilonga dia malu a mu Bible. Kadi bua dîna dia Nzambi, mufundi wa tshiena-bualu tshia mu tshibejibeji tshitukadi batele wakamba ne: kavuaku muanji kuamba muvuabu bafunde “Yahweh” mu mifundu ya mu Ebla. Bua bamue bamanyi, tshimanyinu tshia mifundu mifuane misonso tshidibu bakudimune ne: ja tshidi tshileja anu umue wa ku nzambi mivule ya mu ntempelo wa mu Ebla, padi eku bashikuluji ba bungi bakuabu bumvuija bobu ne: etshi tshivua patupu tshimanyinu tshia mu mfundilu wa muakulu. Mu mishindu yonso, ja kêna uleja Nzambi mulelela, Yehowa nansha.—Dutelonome 4:35; Yeshaya 45:5.

[Mêyi adi kuinshi]

^ tshik. 19 Bua kumanya mudi bintu biangula mu buloba bipetangana ne muyuki wa mu Bible, bala nshapita 4 wa mu mukanda wa La Bible: Parole de Dieu ou des hommes? mupatula kudi Bantemu ba Yehowa.

[Karte/Tshimfuanyi mu dibej 12]

(Bua kumona malu bimpe, tangila mu mukanda)

MBUU MUNENE

KANÂNA

SULIA

Aleppo

Ebla (Kakunakuna ka Mardikh)

Musulu wa Pelata

[Mêyi a dianyisha]

Bimfuanyi bionso (pa kumbusha bishadile bia nzubu): Missione Archeologica Italiana a Ebla-Università degli Studi di Roma ‘La Sapienza’

[Tshimfuanyi mu mabeji 12, 13]

Tshilengejilu tshia or tshia mu 1750 K.B.B.