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Dzina la Mulungu M’Malemba Achigiriki
Akatswiri a maphunziro a Baibulo amavomereza kuti dzina la Mulungu, lolembedwa m’zilembo zinayi zachiheberi (יהוה) limapezeka nthawi zokwana 7,000 m’mipukutu yoyambirira ya Malemba Achiheberi. Komabe ena amaona kuti dzinali silipezeka m’mipukutu yoyambirira ya Chigiriki. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, omasulira Mabaibulo Achingelezi ambiri masiku ano, saikamo dzina lakuti Yehova akamamasulira chimene amati Chipangano Chatsopano. Ngakhale akamagwira mawu lemba lina la m’Malemba Achiheberi lomwe lili ndi dzina la Mulungu, omasulira ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito dzina lakuti “Ambuye” m’malo mwa dzina lenileni la Mulungu.
Koma omasulira Baibulo la Dziko Latsopano la Malemba Opatulika, sanachotse dzina la Mulungu. M’Baibuloli, anabwezeretsa dzina lakuti Yehova ndipo limapezekamo nthawi zokwana 237 m’Malemba Achigiriki. Pochita zimenezi, omasulira Baibuloli anaganizira mfundo ziwiri zofunika izi: (1) Mipukutu yachigiriki yomwe tili nayo masiku ano si mipukutu yoyambirira. Pa mipukutu masauzande ambiri yomwe ilipo masiku ano, yambiri inalembedwa patadutsa zaka pafupifupi 200 pambuyo pa mipukutu yoyambirira. (2) Pa nthawi imeneyi, anthu amene ankakopera mipukutu anachotsa dzina la Mulungu lolembedwa m’zilembo zinayi zachiheberi n’kuikamo mawu Achigiriki akuti Kyʹri·os, amene amatanthauza “Ambuye,” kapena ankakopera kuchokera m’mipukutu yomwe dzinali linali litachotsedwamo kale.
Komiti Yomasulira Baibulo la Dziko Latsopano inali ndi umboni wakuti dzina la Mulungu lolembedwa m’zilembo zinayi zachiheberi linkapezekadi m’mipukutu yoyambirira yachigiriki. Izi zili choncho chifukwa cha mfundo zotsatirazi:
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M’mipukutu ya Malemba Achiheberi yomwe inkagwiritsidwa ntchito m’nthawi ya Yesu ndi atumwi munkapezeka dzina la Mulungu lolembedwa m’zilembo zinayi zachiheberi. M’mbuyomu, anthu ena ankatsutsa zimenezi. Koma popeza anthu apeza mipukutu ya Malemba Achiheberi m’dera la Qumran, yomwe inkagwiritsidwa ntchito m’nthawi ya atumwi, panopa palibenso amene akukayikira zimenezi.
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M’nthawi ya Yesu ndi atumwi ake, dzina la Mulungu lolembedwa m’zilembo zinayi zachiheberi linkapezekanso m’mipukutu ya Chigiriki yomasulira Malemba Achiheberi. Kwa zaka zambiri akatswiri a maphunziro a Baibulo ankaganiza kuti m’Baibulo la Chigiriki la Septuagint, lomasulira Malemba Achiheberi simunkapezeka dzina la Mulungu lakuti Yehova. Kenako chapakati pa zaka za
m’ma 1900, akatswiriwa anapeza zidutswa zakale za Baibulo la Chigiriki la Septuagint lomwe linkagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi ya Yesu. Zidutswazi zinali ndi dzina la Mulungu lolembedwa m’zilembo zachiheberi. Choncho m’nthawi ya Yesu dzina la Mulungu linkapezekadi m’mipukutu ya Chigiriki. Komabe pofika m’zaka za m’ma 300 C.E., m’Mabaibulo odziwika bwino Achigiriki olembedwa pamanja monga la Codex Vaticanus ndi Codex Sinaiticus, simunkapezeka dzina la Mulungu kuyambira m’buku la Genesis mpaka Malaki (m’malo omwe linkapezeka m’zolemba zapamanja zoyambirira). Choncho n’zosadabwitsa kuti m’mipukutu imene inasungidwa kuyambira nthawi imeneyo mulibemo dzina la Mulungu mu chimene amati Chipangano Chatsopano kapena Malemba Achigiriki a m’Baibulo.Yesu ananena momveka bwino kuti: “Ndabwera m’dzina la Atate wanga.” Anatsindikanso kuti zonse zomwe ankachita, ankazichita “m’dzina la Atate” wake
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Malemba Achigiriki amafotokoza momveka bwino kuti Yesu nthawi zambiri ankatchula dzina la Mulungu ndiponso ankadziwitsa anthu ena za dzinali. (Yohane 17:6, 11, 12, 26) Yesu ananena momveka bwino kuti: “Ndabwera m’dzina la Atate wanga.” Anatsindikanso kuti zonse zomwe ankachita, ankazichita “m’dzina la Atate” wake.—Yohane 5:43; 10:25.
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Popeza kuti Malemba Achigiriki ndi ouziridwa ngati mmene alili Malemba Achiheberi, dzina la Mulungu lakuti Yehova linafunika lizipezekanso m’Malemba Achigirikiwo. Chapakati pa zaka za m’nthawi ya atumwi, wophunzira Yakobo anauza akulu a ku Yerusalemu kuti: “Sumeoni wafotokoza bwino mmene Mulungu anacheukira anthu a mitundu ina kwa nthawi yoyamba, kuti mwa iwo atengemo anthu odziwika ndi dzina lake.” (Machitidwe 15:14) Ndiye zikanakhala zosamveka kuti Yakobo anene mawu amenewa, ngati pa nthawi imeneyo panalibe aliyense wodziwa kapena kugwiritsa ntchito dzina la Mulungu.
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M’Malemba Achigiriki mulinso chidule cha dzina la Mulungu. Pa Chivumbulutso 19:1, 3, 4, 6, pali chidule cha dzina la Mulungu chomwe chikupezeka m’mawu akuti “Haleluya.” Mawuwa akuchokera ku mawu Achiheberi omwe amatanthauza kuti “Tamandani Ya, anthu inu.” Mawu akuti “Ya” ndi chidule cha dzina lakuti Yehova. Mayina ambiri a m’Malemba Achigiriki ndi ochokera pa dzina la Mulungu. Mabuku ambiri amasonyezanso kuti dzina la Yesu, limatanthauza kuti “Yehova ndi Chipulumutso.”
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Mabuku oyambirira a Ayuda amasonyeza kuti Akhristu Achiyuda ankagwiritsa ntchito dzina la Mulungu. Buku lina la malamulo a Ayuda lomwe anamaliza kulilemba cha m’ma 300 C.E., lotchedwa Tosefta, limanena mawu otsatirawa pofotokoza za mabuku a Akhristu omwe ankawotchedwa patsiku la Sabata ndi anthu otsutsa
Chikhristu: “Mabuku a anthu olengeza Uthenga Wabwino ndiponso mabuku a anthu otchedwa Aminimu [anthu ena amaganiza kuti anthu amenewa anali Akhristu Achiyuda] ankawotchedwa ndi moto. Koma ankawawotchera pamalo amene awapezerapo ndipo ankawasiya mpaka anyekere pompo moti mabuku onsewo pamodzi ndi masamba onse otchula Dzina la Mulungu ankapsera limodzi.” Buku lomweli limagwiranso mawu a Rabi Yosé wa ku Galileya, amene anakhalako chakumayambiriro kwa m’ma 100 C.E. Limati Rabiyo anati ngati tsiku limenelo si la sabata, “tinkangochotsako masamba [a malemba achikhristu] amene ali ndi dzina la Mulungu ndipo ena onsewo amawotchedwa.” -
Akatswiri ena a maphunziro a Baibulo amavomereza kuti dzina la Mulungu linkapezeka m’Malemba Achigiriki omwe agwira mawu lemba lina m’Malemba Achiheberi. N’zochititsa chidwi kuti pa kamutu kakuti “Zilembo Zinayi Zoimira Dzina la Mulungu mu Chipangano Chatsopano,” buku lina lomasulira mawu limatchula mfundo iyi: “Pali umboni wosonyeza kuti olemba mabuku a Chipangano Chatsopano, ankalemba zilembo zinayi zoimira dzina la Mulungu, lakuti Yahweh, m’malemba onse a m’Chipangano Chatsopano amene akugwira mawu Chipangano Chakale.” (The Anchor Bible Dictionary) Ndipo katswiri wina wa maphunziro a Baibulo, dzina lake George Howard, anati: “M’pomveka kunena kuti olemba Chipangano Chatsopano, sankachotsa zilembo zinayi zoimira dzina la Mulungu m’malemba amene akugwira mawu Chipangano Chakale. Tikutero chifukwa choti panthawiyi zilembo zimenezi zinkapezekabe m’Mabaibulo a Chigiriki [a Septuagint] omwe Akhristu ankagwiritsira ntchito.”
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Omasulira Baibulo odziwika bwino anagwiritsa ntchito dzina la Mulungu m’Malemba Achigiriki. Ena mwa omasulira amenewa anachita zimenezi Baibulo la Dziko Latsopano lisanatuluke. Mabaibulo ena amene anamasulira ndi monga: A Literal Translation of the New Testament . . . From the Text of the Vatican Manuscript, la Herman Heinfetter (1863); The Emphatic Diaglott, la Benjamin Wilson (1864); The Epistles of Paul in Modern English, la George Barker Stevens (1898); St. Paul’s Epistle to the Romans, la W. G. Rutherford (1900); ndi The New Testament Letters, la J.W.C. Wand, Bishopu wa ku London (1946). Kuwonjezera pamenepa, chakumayambiriro kwa m’ma 1900, Pablo Besson anamasulira Baibulo m’Chisipanishi. M’Baibuloli muli dzina lakuti “Yehova” pa Yuda 14, ndipo m’Baibuloli pafupifupi malo 100 ali ndi mawu a m’munsi osonyeza kuti pa lembalo pangaikidwenso dzina la Mulungu. Koma Mabaibulo amenewa asanamasuliridwe, Malemba Achigiriki omasuliridwa m’Chiheberi omwe ankagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambira m’ma 1500 C.E, ankakhala ndi dzina la Mulungu m’malo ambiri. M’chinenero cha Chijeremani chokha, pafupifupi Mabaibulo 11 osiyanasiyana anagwiritsa ntchito dzina lakuti “Yehova” (kapena mawu achiheberi akuti “Yahweh”) m’Malemba Achigiriki. Koma omasulira ena 4 ankawonjezera dzinalo m’mabulaketi akapeza dzina lakuti “Ambuye.” Mabaibulo oposa 70 omasuliridwa m’Chijeremani anagwiritsa ntchito dzina la Mulungu m’mawu a m’munsi kapena m’mawu ofotokozera.
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M’Mabaibulo a m’zinenero zosiyanasiyana zoposa 100 mumapezeka dzina la Mulungu m’Malemba Achigiriki. Zinenero zambiri za ku Africa, America, Asia, Europe ndi Pacific-island zimagwiritsa ntchito dzina la Mulungu m’Mabaibulo awo. (Onani zina mwa zinenerozi patsamba 12.) Omasulira ambiri anachita zimenezi pa zifukwa zimene zatchulidwa kale m’nkhani ino. Ena mwa Mabaibulo omasulira Malemba Achigiriki amenewa ayamba kupezeka chaposachedwapa monga Baibulo la Chirotumani (1999), lomwe anagwiritsa ntchito dzina loti “Jihova” nthawi zokwana 51 m’mavesi 48. Baibulo lina ndi la Chibataki (Chitoba) (1989) la ku Indonesia lomwe anagwiritsa ntchito dzina lakuti “Jahowa” nthawi zokwana 110.
Choncho pali zifukwa zomveka zobwezeretsera dzina la Mulungu lakuti Yehova m’Malemba Achigiriki. N’chifukwa chake omasulira Baibulo la Dziko Latsopano anabwezeretsa dzinali. Omasulirawo amalemekeza kwambiri dzina la Mulungu ndipo sanafune kuchotsa kalikonse pa mawu omwe anali m’mipukutu yoyambirira.—Chivumbulutso 22:18, 19.