Thambo Lathu Lodabwitsali—Kodi Linangokhalako Mwamwayi?

ANTHU ena amati: ‘Inde, thambo lathuli linangokhalako mwamwayi.’ Ena, makamaka opembedza amatsutsa. Komabe pali ena amene amakayikakayika. Kodi inuyo mumakhulupirira ziti?

Kaya mumakhulupirira zotani, inu mosakayikira mukuvomereza kuti thambo lathuli n’lodabwitsa. Tangoganizirani za magulu a nyenyezi. Akuti m’thambo limene tingathe kuliona mwina muli magulu mabiliyoni 100 a nyenyezi. Gulu lililonse lili ndi nyenyezi kuyambira pa zochepera biliyoni imodzi mpaka zopitirira thililiyoni.

Magulu ambiri a nyenyezi alinso m’magulu aakulu. Gulu lalikulu limodzi lililonse lili ndi magulu angapo kapena mpaka okwana zikwizikwi. Mwachitsanzo, gulu la nyenyezi limene tayandikana nalo lotchedwa Andromeda amati ndi mapasa ndi Mlalang’amba wathu. Magulu akuluakulu a nyenyezi ameneŵa sangatayane chifukwa cha mphamvu yokoka. Iwo, pamodzi ndi magulu ena oŵerengeka oyandikana nawo, ali m’gulu lalikulu limodzi.

Thambo lili ndi magulu aakulu osaŵerengeka a nyenyezi amene alinso ndi magulu ena a nyenyezi m’kati mwake. Magulu ena aakulu a nyenyezi amagwirizana ndi magulu aakulu anzawo chifukwa cha mphamvu yokoka, n’kupanga magulu aakulu kwambiri a nyenyezi. Koma zinthu zikafika apa ndiye kuti mphamvu yokoka ija siigwiranso ntchito. Asayansi apeza kuti magulu a nyenyezi aakuluwa akumka atalikiranabe. Kapena tinene kuti, thambo likufutukuka. Nkhani yodabwitsa yomwe aitulukirayi ikusonyeza kuti panali chiyambi ndipo thambo linali laling’onopo ndiponso lolemererapo. Nthaŵi zambiri chiyambi cha thambo chimatchedwa kuti big bang (kuphulika kwakukulu).

Asayansi ena amakayikira kwambiri ngati munthu adzadziŵe mmene thambo linayambira. Anthu ena amapeka njira zimene amati ndizo zinayambitsa thambo lathu popanda kupangidwa ndi winawake wanzeru. Magazini yotchedwa Scientific American, ya mu January 1999, inalongosola nkhani yakuti “Kodi Chilengedwe Chinakhalako Motani?” Ziphunzitso zina za asayansi zadziŵika kale kuti n’zopanda maziko. Magaziniyo inati: “Tsoka lake n’lakuti, kungakhale kovuta kwambiri . . . kuti asayansi openda zakuthambo ayese ziphunzitso zimenezi.”

Kukhulupirira mfundo yakuti thambo linangokhalako mwamwayi kumafuna kukhulupirira kaye zimene asayansi amatcha kuti “zinthu  [zambiri] zochitika mwamwayi” kapena “malunji.” Mwachitsanzo, chilengedwe n’chopangidwa ndi maatomu ambirimbiri osacholowana a hydrogen ndi helium. Komabe, si kuti moyo umangofunika hydrogen yekha, koma umafunikanso maatomu ambiri ovuta kuwamvetsa, makamaka a carbon ndi oxygen. Asayansi sankadziŵa kuti maatomu ofunika kwambiri ameneŵa amachokera kuti.

Kodi zinangochitika mwamwayi kuti maatomu ovuta kumvetsetsa amene ali ofunika pa moyo azipangidwa m’kati mwa nyenyezi zina zikuluzikulu? Ndipo kodi zinangochitika mwamwayi kuti nyenyezi zina zikuluzikuluzi ziziphulika, n’kumatulutsa chuma chawo cha maatomu osoŵa ameneŵa? Bambo Fred Hoyle, amene anatulukira nawo zinthu zimenezi, ananena kuti: “Sindikhulupirira kuti wasayansi aliyense amene anaonapo umboni wa zimenezi angalephere kuona mfundo yakuti malamulo a sayansi ya nyukiliya anapangidwa n’cholinga.”

Choncho, tiyeni tipende zinthu zimenezi zomwe zimapanga chilengedwe chathu.

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 4]

CHIPHUNZITSO CHA KUFUFUMA

Asayansi ena amakhulupirira kuti zinthu zina zokhudza thambo loyambirira, monga kufutukuka kwake, zingathe kufotokozedwa popanda kukhulupirira kuti zinalengedwa mwanzeru. Iwo amayesa kugwiritsa ntchito chiphunzitso kapena ziphunzitso zotchedwa kufufuma pofotokoza zimenezo. Komabe, chiphunzitso chakuti thambo linakhalako mwa kufufuma sichimalongosola kumene thambolo linachokera. Chimafuna kukhulupirira kaye kuti panayamba pakhala chinthu china chomwe thambo lathuli linachokerako mwamwayi.

Malingana ndi chiphunzitso cha kufufuma, thambo linakula kuchoka pa kanthu kakang’ono kuposa atomu n’kufika pa chinthu chachikulu kuposa mlalang’amba wathuwu pakamphindi kochepa kwambiri. Akuti kuyambira pamenepo, thambo linayamba kufufuma mwapang’onopang’ono komanso paliŵiro labwino. Lero, mbali yooneka ya thambo lathuli amati ndi kagawo kakang’ono ka thambo lalikulu. Ochirikiza chiphunzitso chimenechi amati ngakhale kuti thambo loonekali limaoneka molongosoka kumbali zake zonse, kumbali yake ina yaikulu imene sitiiona mwina sikolongosoka chonchi ndiponso mwina zinthu n’zovunganizika. “N’zosatheka kuyesa chiphunzitso cha kufufuma mwa kuona zimene chimatchulazo zikuchitika,” anatero katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo Geoffrey Burbidge. Kwenikweni, chiphunzitsochi chimatsutsana ndi mfundo zina zogwirizana ndi umboni watsopano umene taona. Tsopano zikuoneka kuti chiphunzitsochi chikanakhala choona, pakanafunikira mphamvu ina yongopeka yofooketsa mphamvu yokoka. Wasayansi wina, Howard Georgi wa ku yunivesite ya Harvard, analongosola kuti chiphunzitso cha kufufuma chili “nthano ya sayansi yosangalatsa, yomwe ili yosasiyana n’komwe ndi nthano iliyonse yonena za chilengedwe imene ndamvapo.”

[Chithunzi patsamba 3]

Pafupifupi zonse zimene zikuoneka pachithunzi ichi chojambulidwa ndi Hubble Space Telescope ndi magulu a nyenyezi

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Masamba 3 ndi 4 (zikuoneka mwachimbuuzi): Robert Williams ndi Hubble Deep Field Team (STScI) ndi NASA

[Zithunzi patsamba 4]

“Malamulo a sayansi ya nyukiliya anapangidwa n’cholinga.”—Bambo Fred Hoyle, wasonyezedwa pamodzi ndi nyenyezi yaikulu yophulika yotchedwa 1978A

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Dr. Christopher Burrows, ESA/STScI ndi NASA

Chithunzi waloleza ndi N. C. Wickramasinghe