Zombo Zamphamvu Zokhalira Kuthandiza

YOLEMBEDWA NDI WOLEMBA GALAMUKANI! KU FINLAND

MBALAME za kunyanja zikuuluka m’mlengalenga mopanda ndi mtambo womwe. Dzuŵa likuwotcha molapitsa. Mpweya wonse ukungomveka guu kununkhira fungo la khofi yekhayekha. Kenaka wina akumenyetsa mwamphamvu zitseko za sitima ya pamadzi pozitseka, ndipo hutala yosonyeza kuti sitimayo ikunyamuka yayamba kulira mosokosa kwambiri, kenaka sitimayo itasenza katundu wolemera zedi, yayamba kusuntha pang’onopang’ono posiyana nalo gombe. Sitimayo yanyamula chikatundu cha njere za khofi zokhazokha ulendo wopita ku Finland, komwe kuli anthu okonda kumwa khofi mogometsa. Komabe patangotha masabata ochepa chabe, nyengo yozizira itafika pachimake penipeni, sitima yomwe yanyamula matumba a njere za khofi ija yayamba kukanika kuyenda pamadzi a panyanja ya Baltic chifukwa chakuti madzi akuuma ndi chisanu. Kodi n’chiyani chimene chichitike? Osada nkhaŵa, tipeza thandizo posachedwapa. Chombo champhamvu chimene chimaswa ayezi chitulukira pompanopompano.

Kuswa Ayezi

Katundu wambiri padzikoli amayenda ulendo wapamadzi. Nthaŵi zambiri ulendowu umakhala wopanda vuto lililonse. Koma kodi sitima zapamadzi zimakafika bwanji m’madoko awo madzi akauma m’nyanja chifukwa cha kuzizira? Apa zinthu zimakhala zovutirapo ndithu makamaka panyanja ya Baltic, yomwe ndi njira yokhayo imene imathandiza mayiko ambiri kudutsitsa katundu wawo kukafika naye kunyanja yaikulu. Mwachitsanzo kunja kukazizira kwambiri, madoko ambiri a ku Finland amatsekeka ndi ayezi, ndipo madoko amene ali cha kumpoto kwenikweni kwa dzikoli amangokhala okutidwa ndi ayezi yekhayekha mpaka kwa miyezi 6. Zimenezi zaphetsa anthu.

M’chaka cha 1867, anthu sanakolole bwino cha kumpoto ndi pakati pa dziko la Ulaya. Popeza kuti njira zonse zapamadzi zopita ku Finland zinakhala ndi ayezi mpaka mwezi wa May, panalibenso njira iliyonse yopititsirako thandizo mpaka pamene ayeziyo anasungunuka. Munthu wina woyendetsa sitima za pamadzi dzina lake Seppo Laurell, m’buku lake la mutu wakuti Through Ice and Snow, anati: “Panthaŵi imeneyo anthu okwana 110,000, kapena kuti munthu mmodzi pa 20 alionse [ku Finland], anamwalira chifukwa cha njala.”

 Ayezi amalepheretsa sitimazi kukafikanso kwina n’kwina. Ku North America vutoli si lachilendo ayi panyanja zake zazikulu, pamtsinje wa St. Lawrence ndiponso pagombe lina la ku Canada. Madera ozizira kwambiri a kumtunda ndi kumunsi kwa dziko lapansili ndiwo amavutanso kwambiri kuwadutsa nyengo yachisanu ikafika. Kumadera ameneŵa ayezi amatha kuchindikala mphipi yake mpaka kufika mamita aŵiri kapena atatu.

Zimene Ankachita Poyamba Pakuswa Ayezi Kuti Njira Ipezekepo

Kalekale nthaŵi imene sitima zinayamba kuyenda pamadzi, vuto losautsa kwambiri linali la ayezi. Atayamba kupanga sitima zazitsulo, vutoli linachepako. Sitimayo ikakhala yamphamvu ndithu, inkatha kudutsa yokha pakati pa ayezi wochepa mphipi yake. Komabe sitima zoterozo zinali ndi mavuto akenso ngakhale kuti zina ankazipangira makamaka kuti ziziyenda mosavuta pa ayezi.

Zinthu zinayamba kuyenda bwino pamene anayamba kupanga zombo zakuswa ayezi. Akuti chombo choyamba choterechi padziko lonse chinapangidwa ku United States m’chaka cha 1837, ndipo ankachitcha City Ice Boat I. Ku Ulaya chombo choterechi chotchedwa Eisbrecher anachipangira mumzinda wa Hamburg, ku Germany m’chaka cha 1871. Atazigwiritsira ntchito zombozi, sipanapite nthaŵi kuti aone kuti ndi zombo ziti zimene zikuchita bwino ntchito imeneyi, ndipo kumayambiriro kwa m’ma 1900 anayamba kuzisintha mwina ndi mwina. *

 Zombo Zachitsulo Zazikulu Zotha Kuyandama

Kodi zimakhala bwanji sitima yapamadzi ikatitimira mu ayezi? “Sitimayo imanjenjemera ngati kuti yagwidwa malungo,” anafotokoza choncho malinyero wina. Chombo choswa ayezi chimakhala champhamvu kwambiri poyerekeza ndi sitima wamba. “Kuyendetsa chombo pa ayezi sikusiyana kwenikweni ndi kuyendetsa boti la injini pamchenga,” anatero munthu wina wogwira ntchito m’chombo china. Zitsulo za kutsogolo kwa chombochi zimakhala zochindikala mphipi yake mwina mpaka kuposa masentimita atatu. Koma zikakhala zombo zoyenda kumadera ozizira kwambiri a kumtunda kapena kumunsi kwa dziko lapansili zimafika ngakhale masentimita asanu, ndipo pakati pa zombozo pamakhala zitsulo zinanso zapadera osangoti zomwe timazidziŵa kalezi basi. Kodi zombo zoterezi zimakhala zolimba bwanji? Nthaŵi imene chombo choterechi chotchedwa Tarmo anachiphulitsa ndi bomba pankhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse, kumene kumakhala oyendetsa ndiponso zipinda zambiri pa chombocho zinaphwasukiratu koma chithunthu chake sichinabooke ngakhale pang’ono chabe.

Chombochi amayenera kuchiumba mosamala kwambiri poganizira ntchito yake. Nthaŵi zambiri ntchito yaikulu imakhalapo pokankhira kutali zidutswa zimene chombocho chaswa osati pakuswapo ayi. Zombo zambiri kumpuno kwake si kosongoka kwenikweni, kuli ngati mmene kulili kwa supuni. Chombochi chimaswa ayezi ndi mphamvu zake kenaka n’kukankhira zidutswa zoswekazo m’mbalim’mbali ndi pansi pake. Chombochi amachiumba mosamala kwambiri kuti chithunthu chake chisamakhulane kwambiri ndi ayeziyo. Komanso chithunthu chonsecho amachikuta ndi chitsulo chosagwira dzimbiri kapena amachipaka penti wapamwamba kwambiri yemwe sasumbudzuka wambawamba.

Kodi zombo zamphamvu zimenezi zimayendera chiyani? Lija linali kale loti amuna azikhala thukuta chuchuchu pofosholera malasha m’ng’anjo ya kuinjini. Zombo zamakono zimayendera dizilo ndi mphamvu ya magetsi, ndipo mphamvu imene imazithandiza kuti ziziyenda ndi yofanana ndi ya sitima zazikulupo zonyamula mafuta. Pochitira kuti zombo zimene zimayenda cha kumtunda ndi kumunsi kwa dziko lapansili ziziyenda popanda kuganizira zakuti mafuta angawathere, zina zimayendera mphamvu ya nyukiliya.

Mbali Zake Zapadera

Boti lopalasa likatitimira m’matope, woyendetsa botiyo akhoza kulichotsamo poligwedezera uku ndi uku. Zoterezi n’zimene zimachitika pogwiritsira ntchito zombo zoswa ayezi. Komabe chombo chotere sichingasunthe ngakhale anthu okwana 30 atamathamangira uku ndi uku poyesa kuchigwedeza. Kuti chisunthe amagwiritsira ntchito njira ina yapadera imene madzi amayenda kuchokera m’thanki yaikulu yomwe imakhala mbali ina n’kukafika m’thanki inanso ya mbali inayo n’kumabwereranso. Kudabwitsa kwake n’kwakuti nthaŵi zina zonsezi zimachitika m’masekondi 15 okha basi! Kugwedezekaku kumatha kum’chititsa munthu mseru. Koma kungoti amalinyero ndi anthu odabwitsa.

Cha kumapeto kwa m’ma 1800, munthu wina anaganiza zoti injini ya zombozi izikhala cha kutsogolo kwake. Injiniyo ikamalira inkatulutsa madzi amene ankachititsa kuti pasakhale kukhulana kwambiri ndipo ankakankhira kumbali ayezi yense amene waswedwa. Zombo zina zamakono zili ndi mainjini aŵiri cha kumbuyo ndipo imodzi kapena aŵiri cha kumpuno kwake. Komabe m’zombo zambiri mulibenso injini yoonekera kutsogolo kwake koma timapaipi tolumikizidwa kumimba kwake timene timaloŵa pansi m’madzi. Timapaipi timeneti timapemerera mpweya wamphamvu kwambiri m’madzi apansi pa ayeziyo ndipo madziwo amachita ngati akubwadamuka n’kupangitsa kuti chombocho chinyamuke pang’ono osakhudza kwambiri ayeziyo.

Kuyang’ana M’tsogolo

Nyengo yotentha ikafika, dzuŵa limachita zimene zombo zonse 9 za ku Finland sizitha kuchita. Limasungunula ayezi yense wovuta m’madoko onse, ngakhale kumpoto kwenikweni kwa dzikolo. Zombozo zimabwerera kukakhazikika kumadoko kwawo, ndipo zikatere oyendetsa zombozo sapumiranso m’mwamba m’nyengo yonseyo. Zombo zapaderazi zimangokhala osagwiranso ntchito kwa miyezi yambiri chifukwa mmene anazipangira sizingathe kuyenda bwinobwino pamadzi opanda ayezi.

Komabe masiku ano kukupangidwa zombo zamakono. Zombo zamakonozi zimatha kuyenda m’nyengo yachisanu ngati mmene zombo zina zonse zija zimachitira, koma nthaŵi yopanda ayezi amathanso kuzigwiritsira ntchito zina monga kuika nthambo zodutsa pansi pa nyanja, kuyendera pofufuza zina n’zina, ndiponso kukonza zitsime za mafuta zapanyanja zikawonongeka. Chombo china chotere chotchedwa Botnica, chomwe anachipanga m’chaka cha 1998 kuti bungwe la ku Finland loyang’anira sitima zapamadzi la Finnish Maritime Adminstration lizichigwiritsira ntchito, chili ndi zitsulo ziŵiri zotha kuzungulira mbali zonsezonse ndipo zimagwira ntchito ngati injini komanso ngati tsigiro. Njira imeneyi anayambanso kuigwiritsira ntchito pa sitima zonyamula anthu zamakono.

Chifukwa cha luso lopanga zombo zotsogola zimenezi, akatswiri atulukira nzeru ina yopangira sitima zamakono zapamadzi. Sitima zamakonozi ziziti zikamayenda pamadzi, ziziyenda monga zina zonse. Komabe kumbuyo kwake n’kumene kuziswa ayezi. Sitima zogwira ntchito ziŵiri panthaŵi imodzi zimenezi zingakhale zofunika kwambiri makamaka kumtunda ndi kumunsi kwa dziko lapansili komwe nthaŵi zambiri kumakhala kovutirapo kuti zombo zakuswa ayezi zifikeko. Sitima zamakonozi zizikhoza kupanga zokha njira yoti zidutse mu ayezi poyenda chafutambuyo.

Pajatu anthu a ku Finland maso ali kunjira kudikirira khofi wawo. Chombo chija chimene tatchula m’ndime yoyamba ija chaswa bwinobwino ayezi yemwe analepheretsa sitima yonyamula khofi kuyenda ndipo chikukoka sitimayo. Woyendetsa chombochi wakhala choyedzamira penapake m’chombomo mtima uli zii. Kenaka akuloŵera chapamwamba pa chombocho pomwe amaonera kutsogolo kwawo. Nthaŵi yakumwa khofi yakwana.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Chithunzi patsamba 26]

Chombo chotchedwa “Otso” chikuswa ayezi

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Finnish Maritime Administration

[Chithunzi patsamba 26]

Sitima inakanirira mu ayezi, cha m’ma 1890

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Museovirasto

[Chithunzi patsamba 27]

Chombo choyendera mphamvu ya nyukiliya chotchedwa “Taymyr”

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Kværner Masa-Yards

[Chithunzi patsamba 27]

Zombo zotha kuyenda m’nyengo zonse amazigwiritsiranso ntchito yoika nthambo ndi mapaipi pansi pa madzi

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Finnish Maritime Administration

[Chithunzi patsamba 27]

Chombo chotchedwa “Botnica”

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Finnish Maritime Administration