Mafuta—Mmene Amakukhudzirani

KODI munayamba mwalingalirapo kuti bwenzi zinthu zili bwanji kwa anthu ambiri pakanapanda mafuta okumbidwa pansi panthaka ndi zinthu zina zopangidwa kuchokera ku mafutawo? * Oyilo wopangidwa kuchokera ku mafutaŵa amamugwiritsa ntchito pofeŵetsera zitsulo za galimoto, njinga, zikuku (mapulemu), ndi zinthu zina zomwe zitsulo zake zimasunthasuntha. Oyilo amathandiza kuti zitsulo zisapekesane, motero zitsulozo siziwonongeka msanga. Komatu mafuta okumbidwa pansi ntchito yake si yokhayi ayi.

Ndi mafuta ameneŵa omwe amapangira mafuta a ndege, a galimoto, ndiponso a zipangizo zotenthetsera m’nyumba. Mu zodzoladzola zambiri, mu penti, mu inki, m’mankhwala, m’fetereza, ndi m’mapulasitiki komanso m’zinthu zina zambirimbiri mumakhala zinthu zochokera m’mafuta okumbidwa pansiŵa. Popanda mafutaŵa moyo wa anthu ambiri ukanakhala wosiyana kwambiri ndi umene ali nawo panopa. Ndiyetu n’zosadabwitsa kuti buku lina limati mafutaŵa komanso zinthu zochokera m’mafutaŵa “zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zambiri kuposa china chilichonse padziko lapansi.” Kodi mafutaŵa timawapeza bwanji? Kodi amachokera kuti? Kodi anthu akhala akuwagwiritsa ntchito kwanthaŵi yaitali motani?

Baibulo limatiuza kuti zaka zoposa masauzande aŵiri Kristu asanabadwe, Nowa, potsatira malangizo a Mulungu, anamanga chingalawa chachikulu kwambiri n’kuchipaka utoto, womwe mwinamwake unali wopangidwa ndi mafuta okumbidwa pansi, ndipo anatero kuti madzi asaloŵe m’kati. (Genesis 6:14) Zinthu zochokera ku mafuta okumbidwa pansi zinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Ababulo powotcha njerwa mu uvuni, ndi Aigupto poumitsa mitembo yawo, ndiponso ndi anthu a mitundu ina yakale popanga mankhwala.

Ndani ankadziŵa kuti mafutaŵa adzafika pokhala ofunika kwambiri kwa anthu lerolino? Palibe angatsutse kuti chitukuko cha mafakitale masiku ano chikudalira mafuta a pansi panthaka omweŵa.

Kugwiritsa ntchito mafutaŵa pounikira n’kumene kunachititsa kuti ayambe kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa zinthu zambiri. Kalelo m’ma 1400, ku Baku, mzinda womwe tsopano ndi likulu la dziko la Azerbaijan, anali kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta omwe anali kuwatunga m’zitsime zosazama kwambiri anali kuwagwiritsa ntchito m’nyali. Mu 1650, ku Romania anakumba zitsime za mafuta zosazama kwambiri, ndipo anthu a kumeneko anali kuunikira palafini wochokera ku mafutawo. Pofika m’katikati mwa m’ma 1800, ntchito za malonda a mafuta zinali zikuyenda bwino m’dzikoli ndiponso m’mayiko ena a ku Eastern Europe.

Ku United States, gulu la amuna ena linayamba kufufuza za mafutaŵa m’ma 1800 makamaka chifukwa chofunafuna zounikira zowala bwino kwambiri. Amunaŵa analondola ponena kuti anafunika kukumba mafuta pansi panthaka kuti athe kupanga palafini wokwanira kugulitsa anthu. Ndiye mu 1859 anakwanitsa kukumba chitsime cha mafuta ku Pennsylvania. Apatu m’pamene anthu anayamba kutengeka mtima ndi mafuta. Nangano chinachitika n’chiyani kenako?

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi patsamba 3]

KODI MAFUTA OKUMBA PANSI N’CHIYANI MAKAMAKA?

Mafuta okumba pansi ndi chiphalaphala chomwe chimapezeka pansi panthaka chooneka chachikasu kayanso chakuda ndipo chimatha kuyaka. M’chiphalaphalachi m’makhala mutasakanikirana gasi, zinthu zinazake zamadzimadzi, ndiponso zina zolimba. Chiphalaphalachi akhoza kuchitcheza n’kutengamo zinthu zambirimbiri monga gasi, petulo, palafini, mafuta oyendetsera injini, oyilo, mafuta opangira makandulo, ndi tala ndipo chiphalaphalachi amapangiranso zinthu zina zosiyanasiyana.