Mfumu Imene Inafunafuna Nzeru

YOLEMBEDWA NDI WOLEMBA GALAMUKANI! KU SPAIN

M’ZAKA za m’ma 1200, panali kusamvana kwakukulu ndiponso chiwawa chadzaoneni. Ku Ulaya kunaipa chifukwa cha nkhanza za khoti la kafukufuku la Akatolika ndiponso nkhondo ya pakati pa Akhristu ndi Asilamu. Chipwirikiti chimenechi chinaphetsa anthu ambiri. Koma panthawi yomweyi, mfumu ina ya ku Spain inayesa kuthandiza nzeru anthu anzake. Dzina la mfumuyi linali Alfonso X, ndipo inkatchedwanso kuti Alfonso Wanzeru.

Akuti mfumu imeneyi ndi imene inatukula kwambiri maphunziro panthawi imeneyi. Inabweretsa maphunziro atsopano ku Spain, ochokera m’madera akutali. Mfumuyi inkakonda kwambiri maphunziro a zaluso, za mbiri yakale, zamalamulo, ndi zasayansi. Zimenezi zinatukula kwambiri chikhalidwe cha anthu ku Spain ndiponso ku Ulaya konse. Komano chofunika kwambiri chinali chakuti, kufunafuna nzeru kumeneku kunachititsa mfumuyi kufalitsa Mawu a Mulungu, Baibulo Loyera.

Alfonso anathandiza kwambiri pokhazikitsa sukulu imene anthu ophunzira a Chiyuda, Chisilamu, ndi odzitcha Akhristu, ankachitirako zinthu limodzi. Pofuna kuti ntchito yawo iyende mosavuta, mfumuyi inakhazikitsa ndi kupereka ndalama zomangira laibulale, yomwe padziko lonse, ili m’gulu la malaibulale oyambirira a boma.

Alfonso payekha, anathandiza nawo kulemba ndi kukonza mabuku ambirimbiri a malamulo, a sayansi, ndi a mbiri yakale. Analimbikitsa kupita patsogolo kwa luso lolemba mabuku ndi ndakatulo, ndipo iyeyo payekha anali katswiri wa luso limeneli chifukwa analembapo ndakatulo zotchuka kwambiri. * Ndakatulozi anazilemba m’chinenero chotchedwa Gallego (Chigaleshani), chomwe anthu ankagwiritsa ntchito panthawiyo polemba nyimbo.

Gulu la Omasulira Mabuku

Alfonso anakhazikitsa bungwe lotchedwa Sukulu ya Omasulira ya ku Toledo. Buku la La Escuelade Traductoresde Toledo (Sukulu ya Omasulira ya ku Toledo), limati: “Ntchito ya mfumuyi inali yosankha omasulirawo ndiponso zinthu zofunika kumasulira. Zimene amasulirazo inkazionanso ndipo inkalimbikitsa omasulirawo kukambirana maganizo awo, komanso inkapereka thandizo pantchito yolemba mabuku atsopano.”

Akatswiri amaphunziro a ku Toledo anayamba n’kumasulira mabuku a Chiarabu. Akatswiri amaphunziro a Chisilamu anali atamasulira kale m’Chiarabu mabuku ofunika kwambiri a ku Greece, India, Persia, ndi Syria. Nkhokwe ya mabuku amenewa inawathandiza kwambiri kupititsa patsogolo maphunziro a masamu, a zakuthambo, a mbiri yakale, ndi a zamalo ndi chilengedwe cha dziko. N’chifukwa chake akatswiri a ku Toledo aja ankafuna  kugwiritsa ntchito nzeru za m’mabuku amenewa. Koma akanatero motani? Mwa kumasulira mabuku ofunika a Chiarabu kuti akhale mu Chilatini ndi Chisipanishi.

Nkhani ya ntchito imene akatswiri a maphunziro a ku Toledo anali kuchita inafalikira kumayiko ena. Posakhalitsa, anthu ophunzira ochokera m’mayunivesite a ku mayiko a kumpoto kwa Ulaya anakhamukira ku Toledo. Zimenezi zinachititsanso kuti luso la zasayansi ndi zolembalemba lipite patsogolo ku Ulaya. Ndipotu, ntchito yomasulira yadzaoneniyi inathandiza kwambiri kutukula maphunziro ku Ulayako.

Khama la omasulira a ku Toledo linathandiza kuti madokotala azitha kuwerenga mabuku a zachipatala olembedwa ndi Galen, Hippocrates, ndi Avicenna, yemwe analemba buku loti Canon of Medicine, lomwe linadzakhala buku lophunzitsira ku mayunivesite a ku Ulaya mpaka m’zaka za m’ma 1600. Tsopano, akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo anayamba kuwerenga mabuku a Ptolemy ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira za Aarabu zowerengetsera masamu ndiponso kugwiritsa ntchito matchati a sayansi ya zakuthambo okonzedwa ndi al-Khwārizmī. *

Alfonso ankafuna kuti anthu onse azitha kumva akawerenga mabuku amene anawamasulirawo. Khama lakeli linachititsa kuti Chisipanishi chikhale chinenero chogwiritsidwa  ntchito pazasayansi ndi zolembalemba. Ntchito imene Alfonso anayamba inathandiza kusintha maganizo a anthu ambiri akuti Chilatini ndicho chinali chinenero cha maphunziro apamwamba.

Baibulo la Alfonso

Nzeru zimene akatswiri a maphunziro a ku Toledo anapeza pomasulira zinthu zambiri chonchi ziyenera kuti zinathandiza kwambiri pamene Alfonso analamula kuti amasulire mbali zina za Baibulo kuti zikhale m’Chisipanishi. Katswiri wina wa mbiri yakale wa ku Spain, dzina lake Juan de Mariana, anati mfumuyi inalinganiza zoti amasulire Baibulo limeneli pofuna kuti Chisipanishi chikonzedwe ndiponso kuti chikhale ndi mawu ambiri. N’zosakayikitsa kuti Baibulo lakale kwambirili linathandizadi kuti Chisipanishi chipite patsogolo.

Mfumuyi inkaona kuti Baibulo limaphunzitsa zinthu zofunikira kwa anthu. M’mawu oyamba a buku la Crónica de España, mfumuyi inalemba kuti: “Tikayang’ana m’Malemba Opatulika, timaona kuti Malembawo amaphunzitsa zinthu zofunikira kwambiri zokhudza kulengedwa kwa dziko, makolo akale a m’Baibulo, . . . kubweranso kwa Mbuye wathu Yesu Khristu komwe analonjeza, ndiponso kuphedwa kwake, kuukitsidwa kwake ndi kupita kumwamba.”

Mfumuyi inayang’aniranso ntchito inanso yomasulira, yofunika kwambiri koma yovuta zedi, yomwe anaitcha kuti General Estoria. Pantchitoyi anamasulira m’Chisipanishi mbali zina za Malemba a Chiheberi (pambuyo pake anadzawonjezerapo mbali zina za Malemba a Chigiriki). Baibulo limene anamasulira pantchito yogometsayi analipatsa dzina loti Baibulo la Alfonso (Biblia Alfonsina), ndipo iyi inali ntchito yaikulu kwambiri yomasulira, pantchito zonse zomwe zinachitikapo m’zaka za m’ma 500 mpaka m’ma 1500. Baibuloli analikopa kambirimbiri ndipo mbali zake zina anazimasulira m’Chipwitikizi ndi Chikatalani.

Zimene Alfonso Anatisiyira

Mipukutu imene inalembedwa panthawi ya Alfonso inathandiza kuti anthu apitirizebe kudziwa Malemba panyengo ya mdima wauzimu imeneyi. Chifukwa cha ntchito yomasulirayi, anthu anayamba kufuna kukhala ndi Baibulo lomasuliridwa m’chinenero chawo. M’zaka 200 zotsatira, anamasulira Mabaibulo enanso m’Chisipanishi.

Ntchito imene Alfonso ndi anzake anayambitsa inapita patsogolo kwambiri chifukwa cha kutulukiridwa kwa makina osindikizira mabuku ndiponso chifukwa cha ntchito yadzaoneni imene anachita omasulira Baibulo a ku Spain ndi m’mayiko ena a ku Ulaya m’zaka za m’ma 1500. Tsopano, anthu a ku Ulaya konse, akanatha kukhala ndi Baibulo m’chinenero chawo. Ngakhale kuti panthawi imene Alfonso X anali kulamulira panachitika nkhondo ndipo anthu ena anam’galukirapo nthawi zingapo, khama lake lofunafuna nzeru linathandiza kuti anthu ambiri athe kupeza nzeru zochokera kwa Mulungu.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 14]

MABAIBULO ENANSO AKALE KWAMBIRI A CHISIPANISHI

Mabuku a Alfonso X, sanali oyamba kukhala ndi mbali zina zomasulira Malemba m’Chisipanishi. Zaka zingapo Alfonso asanamasulire mabuku akewa, Hermannus Alemannus, mmodzi wa omasulira amene anali m’gulu la akatswiri omasulira a ku Toledo, anamasulira mwachindunji buku la Masalmo kuchokera mu Chiheberi kupita m’Chisipanishi. Komanso kumayambiriro kwa m’ma 1200, womasulira wina anamasulira Baibulo la Biblia medieval romanceada Prealfonsina (Baibulo Lakale Kuposa Mabaibulo a Alfonso). (Onani chithunzi kumanzereku.) Baibulo limeneli ndi limene amati Baibulo lakale kwambiri la Chisipanishi. N’zosakayikitsa kuti pali zinthu zina zimene anatengera m’Baibuloli pa ntchito yomasulira Baibulo yomwe Alfonso X anayambitsa zaka zochepa pambuyo poti Baibuloli alimasulira.

Ponena za Baibulo Lakale Kuposa Mabaibulo a Alfonso, katswiri wina wamaphunziro dzina lake Thomas Montgomery, anati: “Pankhani ya kusaphonya mfundo imene ikunenedwa komanso kumveketsa bwino mfundo, womasulira Baibulo limeneli anamasulira zinthu mbambande. Baibuloli analimasulira mosamala zedi kuti lisasiyane ngakhale pang’ono ndi Baibulo la Chilatini, koma anatero popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mawu ambirimbiri a Chilatini. Analemba mawu osavuta kumva, mogwirizana ndi mmene Baibulo la anthu osadziwa Chilatini limayenera kukhalira.”

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Bible: Patrimonio Nacional. Real Biblioteca de El Escorial

[Chithunzi pamasamba 12, 13]

Chifanizo cha Alfonso X pa malo olowera ku Laibule ya Dziko la Spain, mumzinda wa Madrid

[Zithunzi patsamba 13]

Mfumuyi ili ndi omasulira a ku Toledo (pamwambapa); ili ndi olemba ake aluso (pamunsipa); Uthenga Wabwino wa Luka mu Baibulo la Alfonso (pansi)

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 13]

All photos except statue of Alfonso X: Oronoz