Chilumba cha Kamchatka ku Russia N’chochititsa Kaso

YOLEMBEDWA NDI WOLEMBA GALAMUKANI! KU RUSSIA

ZAKA zoposa 300 zapitazo, akatswiri a ku Russia ofufuza malo anali paulendo wolowera kummawa kudzera ku Asia ndipo anafika chakummwera kwa nyanja ya Pacific, pa phiri linalake lomwe lili pa chilumba. Chilumbachi, chomwe chimapanga malire a nyanja ya Okhotsk ndi Bering, n’chachikulu pang’ono pochiyerekezera ndi dziko la Italy ndipo anthu ambiri sachidziwa bwino chilumba chokongolachi.

Chilumba cha Kamchatka chili m’chigawo chakumpoto kwa dziko lapansi chomwenso muli zilumba zomwe zimapanga dziko la Britain. M’mphepete mwa nyanja simuzizira kwambiri m’nyengo yachisanu, koma m’madera ena a kumtunda mumazizira kwambiri panyengoyi. Nthawi zambiri m’nyengo yachilimwe m’chilumbachi mumakonda kuchita nkhungu ndiponso mumawomba mphepo yamphamvu. M’derali mumagwa mvula yambiri zedi ndipo chifukwa cha dothi lochokera m’mapiri ophulika mumamera zinthu zambiri monga, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomera zofanana ndi mabulosi, udzu wautali ngati munthu, ndiponso maluwa osiyanasiyana akutchire.

 Pali mitengo inayake yomwe imapezeka m’dera lalikulu la chilumbachi, ndipo mitengoyi komanso nthambi zake n’zopindika chifukwa cha mphepo yamphamvu komanso chipale chofewa chomwe chimagwa kwambiri pachilumbachi. Mitengoyi n’njopirira kwambiri ndipo sikula msanga. N’njolimba mosaneneka ndipo ili ndi mizu yamphamvu yomwe imachititsa kuti izitha kumera paliponse, ngakhale m’mphepete mwa matanthwe aataliatali. Mitengoyi imaphukira masamba m’mwezi wa June, nthawi imene chipale chofewa chimakhala chikugwabe, ndipo mu August masamba ake amasintha n’kukhala achikasu kusonyeza kuti nyengo yachisanu yayandikira.

Mapiri Otha Kuphulika Ndiponso Akasupe a Madzi Otentha

Chilumba cha Kamchatka chili m’chigawo chinachake cha m’mphepete mwa nyanja ya Pacific chomwe muli mapiri ambiri otha kuphulika ndipo chili ndi mapiri 30 otere. Phiri lotchedwa Klyuchevskaya, lomwe ena anati ndi “phiri losongoka komanso lokongola motenga mtima,” n’lalitali mamita 4,750. Motero ili ndi phiri lalitali kwambiri lotha kuphulika ku Ulaya ndi ku Asia konse. Kuyambira mu 1697, chaka chimene ofufuza a ku Russia anafika ku Kamchatka, phirili lomwe lili pa chilumbachi lakhala likuphulika kwa nthawi zoposa 600.

Pakati pa chaka cha 1975 ndi 1976 phirili litaphulika, moto wochokera pansi pa nthaka unathovokera m’mwamba mamita 2,500 m’dera la Tolbachik. Phirilo litaphulika, chiphulusa chimene chinatuluka chinangoti koboo m’deralo ndipo moto wothovokawo unali waliwali. Phirili linakhala likuphulikabe kwa nyengo yoposa chaka ndi theka, moti linatuluka nsonga zina zinayi. Linakwirira nyanja ndi mitsinje, ndipo phulusa lake lotentha linaumitsa mitengo yonse ya m’nkhalango kuyambira ku nsonga mpaka kufika ku mitsitsi. Madera ambiri anasanduka zipululu.

Koma mwamwayi, madera ambiri amene ankaphulika n’ngotalikirana ndi kumene kumakhala anthu ndipo m’maderawa munafa anthu ochepa kwambiri. Koma alendo m’derali ayenera kusamala ndi chinthu chinanso, makamaka akamapita ku Chigwa cha Imfa, chomwe chili m’mphepete mwa phiri la Kichpinych. Ngati kulibe mphepo, makamaka kumapeto kwa nyengo yachisanu, m’chigwa chonsecho mumadzaza mpweya wapoizoni womwe umatuluka m’phiri lophulika, ndipo mpweya woipawu ungathenso kupha nyama zakutchire. Panthawi ina m’chigwachi munapezeka mitembo 10 ya zimbalangondo ndi nyama zina zambirimbiri zing’onozing’ono.

Pachilumbachi pali chigwa chachikulu kwambiri chotchedwa Uzon chomwe chili ndi kasupe yemwe amatulutsa chithope chotentha. M’chigwacho mulinso mayiwe omwe ali ndi ndere zambiri zamitundu yosiyanasiyana. M’derali mulinso chigwa cha akasupe a madzi otentha, chomwe chinatulukiridwa mu 1941. Akasupe ena otere amatulutsa madzi mwamphamvu mphindi ziwiri kapena zitatu zilizonse ndipo ena amatha masiku angapo kuti atulutse madzi mwamphamvu. Ndege zamtundu wa helokoputa zimatenga alendo n’kupita  nawo kumalo osangalatsawa, omwe ali pamtunda wa makilomita 180 cha kumpoto kwa mzinda wa Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy. Komabe, boma limaonetsetsa kuti kusamapite anthu ambiri pofuna kupewa kusokoneza zachilengedwe za m’derali. Kuti likwaniritse zimenezi, linapatula madera sikisi ku Kamchatka kuti akhale m’gulu la zinthu zomwe zimatchedwa kuti Chuma cha Dziko Lonse.

Ku Kamchatka kuli akasupe ambiri a madzi otentha ndipo ambiri amangokhala ofunda mwa bee kapena mwa juu, ndipo alendo amasangalala kwambiri kusambira mu akasupe amenewa omwe amathandiza alendowo kuti asakhaule kwambiri ndi nyengo yachisanu, yomwe imakhala yaitali komanso yozizira kwabasi. M’derali amagwiritsanso ntchito moto wa pansi pa nthaka popanga mphamvu zamagetsi. Ndipotu ku Russia, likulu loyamba la mphamvu zotere za magetsi linamangidwa pa chilumba chimenechi.

 Zimbalangondo, Nsomba ndi Nkhwazi

Ku Kamchatka kudakali zimbalangondo pafupifupi 10,000 zakuda mofiirira. Zimalemera pafupifupi makilogalamu 150 kapena mpaka 200, ndipo ngati atapanda kuzipha zingathe kukula mowirikiza katatu. Nthano za eni nthaka a m’derali otchedwa Itelmen, zinkati chimbalangondo ndi “mbale” wawo ndipo ankachilemekeza kwambiri. Ubale umenewu unatha kutabwera mfuti. Tikunena pano anthu oona zachilengedwe akuda nkhawa ndi tsogolo la nyama zimenezi.

Zimbalangondo zimapewa kwambiri anthu, motero sizionekaoneka. Koma m’mwezi wa June, nsomba zikayamba kuswana m’mitsinje, zimbalangondo zimakhamukira kumtsinjeko kuti zikachite phwando, ndipo pa phwando lotereli, chimbalangondo chimodzi chimatha kudya nsomba zikuluzikulu zoposa 20. N’chifukwa chiyani zimadya kwambiri chonchi? M’nyengo yachilimwe, zimbalangondo zimayenera kunenepa kwambiri kuti zithe kupulumuka m’nyengo yachisanu yomwe sikukhala zakudya. M’nyengo yonseyi zimbalangondo zimakhala m’mapanga momwe zimangogona basi kuti zisafooke ndi njala.

Palinso mtundu winawake wa nkhwazi zomwe zimakonda kwambiri nsomba zimene zimbalangondo zimakonda. Nkhwazi zimenezi zikatambasula mapiko awo amakhala aatali mamita awiri ndi theka. Zili ndi nthenga zakuda zokhala ndi mawanga oyera cha m’mapewa mwake ndipo nthenga za kuchipsyepsye zimakhalanso zoyera. Panopo nkhwazizi zilipo pafupifupi 5,000 ndipo zikucheperachepera. Padziko lonse, nkhwazi za mtundu umenewu, kwenikweni zimangopezeka ku derali, koma zimathanso kupezeka mwa apo ndi apo ku zilumba za ku Alaska zotchedwa Aleutia ndi Pribilof. Nkhwazizi zimakhala m’chisa chomwechomwecho chaka n’chaka, n’kumangochikonza mwina ndi mwina ndiponso kuchikulitsa. Chisa china chotere chinakula mpaka kufika mamita atatu m’mimba mwake ndipo chinali cholemera kwambiri moti chinakhadzula nthambi ya mtengo umene chinamangidwapo.

Anthu a ku Kamchatka

Masiku ano, anthu amene akukhala ku Kamchatka ndi anthu a ku Russia, koma kudakalinso anthu ambirimbiri omwe ndi eni nthaka. Eni nthaka omwe alipo ochuluka zedi kumeneku ndi anthu amtundu wotchedwa Koryak, ndipo amakhala cha kumpoto. Kuli mitundu ina ya eni nthaka, monga mtundu wa Chukchi ndi Itelmen, ndipo mtundu uliwonse umalankhula chinenero chake. Anthu ambiri a ku Kamchatka amakhala ku likulu la derali, lotchedwa Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy. Koma anthu amapezeka mwa apo ndi apo m’madera ena onse a chilumbachi, ndipo midzi yambiri ya m’mphepete mwa nyanja ndi mwa mitsinje ilibe misewu moti anthu amafikako pa boti kapena pa ndege basi.

Usodzi wa nsomba ndi nkhanu ndiwo umathandiza kwambiri pa zachuma pachilumbachi. Nkhanu zimene anthu ambiri amakonda ndi nkhanu zazikulu kwambiri zomwe mukaziyeza zitatambalala, zimakwana mamita pafupifupi awiri m’litali mwake, kuphatikiza ndi miyendo yomwe. Nkhanuzi zimachititsa chidwi kuziona ataziyala kumsika.

Kuyambira m’chaka cha 1989, a Mboni za Yehova akhala akufika ku Kamchatka kudzachita usodzi wamtundu wina. Poti iwowa ndi “asodzi a anthu,” akhala akubweretsa uthenga wabwino wa Ufumu wa Mulungu kwa anthu a m’madera akutali a ku Kamchatka. (Mateyo 4:19; 24:14) Ena mwa anthuwa amvera uthengawu ndipo panopo akuthandizanso anzawo kuti adziwe ndi kuyamba kupembedza Mlengi wathu, Yehova Mulungu, osati kulambira zinthu zimene iye analenga. Motero, anthu ambiri a m’derali akumasuka chifukwa saopanso mizimu yoipa, monga mmene amachitira anthu ambiri kumeneku. (Yakobe 4:7) Akuphunziranso za m’tsogolo pamene Mulungu adzachotse zoipa ndiponso anthu oipa pa dziko lonse lapansi ndipo “lidzadzala ndi odziwa Yehova, monga madzi adzaza nyanja.”—Yesaya 11:9.

[Bokosi/Zithunzi patsamba 18]

CHIGWA CHOCHITITSA CHIDWI

Chigwa chachikulu kwambiri chotchedwa Uzon, chomwe chinakumbika kalekale chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa phiri, n’chachikulu makilomita 10 m’litali mwake. Buku lina linati, m’makoma a chigwachi omwe n’ngaatali kwambiri mumapezeka “china chilichonse mwa zinthu zimene chilumba cha Kamchatka chimadziwika nazo.” M’chigwachi muli akasupe a madzi otentha, madzi ozizira, akasupe a thope lobwata, zulu za matope, mayiwe okhala ndi nsomba ndiponso mbalame zoyera zangati abakha zotchedwa chinsansa. Mulinso zomera zambiri.

Buku lotchedwa Miracles of Kamchatka Land limati “ili ndi dera lokhali padziko lonse” limene limakhala lokongola kwabasi m’nyengo ya chilimwe ndipo nyengoyi imakhala yaifupi kwambiri. Derali limakongola kwambiri chifukwa cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana yonyezimira ya zomera zake monga mitengo ndi zina zotere. Ndipo m’dera lonselo muli malo osiyanasiyana amene mumatuluka nthunzi yoyera yomwe imaonekera kwambiri chifukwa choti nthawi zambiri thambo la m’derali limakhala la buluu. Ndipo m’mawa, m’nkhalangoyi mumamveka “kuyimba” chifukwa masamba amakhala akuyoyoka m’mitengo ndipo phokoso lake limamveka akamagwa pansi. Zimenezi zimasonyeza kuti nthawi yachisanu yayandikira.

[Bokosi patsamba 19]

NYANJA YOOPSA!

Mu 1996, malo enaake a pansi pa nyanja ya Karymsky, omwe akatswiri ankaganiza kuti sipangaphulike monga amaphulikira mapiri, anaphulika ndipo zimenezi zinachititsa mafunde aatali mamita 10. Mafundewa anagwetsa mitengo yonse m’nkhalango zoyandikana ndi nyanjayi. M’mphindi zochepa chabe, nyanjayo inadzaza ndi asidi moti zamoyo sizikanatha kukhalamonso. Wofufuza wina dzina lake Andrew Logan anati ngakhale kuti kunagwa chiphulusa chimene chinathovokera m’mwamba pa kuphulikaku ndiponso ngakhale kuti mafunde anawomba kwambiri dera la m’mphepete mwa nyanjayo, palibe nyama iliyonse yakufa imene anaipeza pafupi ndi nyanjayi. Wofufuzayu anafotokoza kuti: “Malowa asanaphulike, m’nyanja ya Karymsky munali nsomba zokwana mamiliyoni angapo. Komano ataphulika, m’nyanjamo simunapezekenso chamoyo.” Komabe, n’kutheka kuti nsomba zingapo zinapulumuka. Asayansi akuganiza kuti mwina nsombazi zinachenjezedwa m’njira inayake, monga kusintha kwa m’chere umene umakhala m’madzi, motero zinathawira mu mtsinje wa Karymsky, womwe uli pafupi ndi nyanjayi.

[Mapu patsamba 16]

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

RUSSIA

KAMCHATKA