Zombo Zankhondo za ku Spain Zinakumana ndi Tsoka

YOLEMBEDWA KU SPAIN

ZAKA zoposa 400 zapitazo, magulu awiri a asilikali apamadzi anamenyana panyanja ya English Channel. Nkhondo imeneyi inali pakati pa Apolotesitanti ndi Akatolika ndipo inachitika m’zaka za m’ma 1500. Panthawi imeneyi, magulu ankhondo achipolotesitanti a Mfumukazi Elizabeth Yoyamba ya ku England ankalimbana ndi magulu ankhondo achikatolika a Mfumu Philip Yachiwiri ya ku Spain. “Kwa anthuwo, nkhondo yapakati pa asilikali a England ndi a Spain panyanjayo inali nkhondo yomaliza yawafawafa pakati pa mphamvu za kuwala ndi za mdima.”—The Defeat of the Spanish Armada.

Ponena za zombo zankhondo za ku Spain, Angelezi apanthawiyo anafotokoza kuti “anali asanaonepo zombo zankhondo zambiri ngati zimenezo.” Ngakhale zinali choncho, asilikali amene anapita paulendo wapanyanjawo analakwitsa kwambiri, chifukwatu paulendowo panafa asilikali zikwizikwi. Koma nanga n’chifukwa chiyani anatumiza zombo zankhondo zimenezi, ndipo n’chifukwa chiyani anagonja?

N’chifukwa Chiyani Anaukira Anzawo?

Kwa zaka zambiri, Angelezi achifwamba anali kulanda ndi kufunkha zombo za ku Spain, ndipo Mfumukazi Elizabeth inkalimbikitsa Adatchi kupandukira ulamuliro wa Spain. Nayonso Mfumu Philip Yachiwiri, Mkatolika, inaona kuti ndi udindo wake kuthandiza Akatolika a ku England kuthana ndi “mpatuko” wa Apolotesitanti. Ndiye n’chifukwa chake zombozo zinanyamulanso ansembe ndi alangizi a zachipembedzo pafupifupi 180. Ngakhale pamene amalinyero anali kukonzekera kunyamuka, aliyense anali kuulula machimo ake kwa wansembe ndi kulandira misa.

 Popeza kuti anthu a ku Spain ndi mfumu yawo anali opembedza kwambiri, anali ndi maganizo ofanana ndi a Mjezuwiti wodziwika wakomweko, dzina lake Pedro de Ribadeneyra. Iye anati: “Popeza kuti tikuchita chifuniro cha Mulungu, Ambuye wathu, ndi kuteteza chipembedzo chake chopatulika, iye adzatitsogolera. Ndipo ndi mtsogoleri wotero, sitikuopa chilichonse.” Nawonso Angelezi anaganiza kuti akangopambana nkhondoyo, akhala ndi mwayi wofalitsa Chipolotesitanti mofulumira ku Ulaya konse.

Mapulani ankhondo amene mfumu ya ku Spain inakonza anaoneka ngati adzayenda bwinobwino. Mfumuyo inalamula kuti zombo zankhondozo zipite ku nyanja ya English Channel kukatenga Kalonga wa ku Parma ndi asilikali ake 30,000 amene anali ngwazi zankhondo za ku Flanders. * Kenako magulu ankhondowo onse pamodzi anayenera kuwoloka nyanjayo ndi kukakocheza zombo zawo ku Essex, n’kuyenda wapansi kupita ku London. Mfumu Philip inaganiza kuti Akatolika a ku England adzagalukira mfumukazi yawo yachipolotesitanti, kubwera ku mbali yake, ndi kuwonjezera chiwerengero cha asilikali ake.

Komabe maganizo a Mfumu Phillip anali olephera. Ngakhale anaganiza kuti Mulungu awathandiza, ananyalanyaza zinthu ziwiri zazikulu. Anaderera mphamvu ya asilikali apamadzi a England komanso anaiwala kuti ndi zovuta kutengana ndi asilikali a Kalonga wa ku Parma chifukwa chakuti kunalibe doko lakuya kumene akanakumanako.

Zombo Zambiri Koma Zamavuto

Mfumu Phillip inasankha Kalonga wa ku Medina-Sidonia kukhala mtsogoleri wa asilikali apamadziwo. Ngakhale kuti kalongayo sanali kudziwa zambiri za nkhondo yapamadzi, anali wodziwa bwino kuyendetsa zinthu moti sipanatenge nthawi kuti akuluakulu oyendetsa zombozo agwirizane naye. Anathandizana kupanga gulu lalikulu la asilikali ndipo anayesetsa kulipatsa zakudya ndi madzi okwanira. Anakonza zizindikiro zoti azimvana m’zombozo, malamulo a kayendedwe panyanjapo, ndi dongosolo lomenyera nkhondo. Anachita zonsezi kuti athe kugwirizana bwinobwino popeza kuti asilikaliwo anali ochokera ku mayiko osiyana.

Pa May 29, 1588, zombo 130 zonyamula asilikali pafupifupi 20,000 ndi amalinyero 8,000 zinanyamuka pa doko la ku Lisbon. Koma chifukwa cha namondwe, anaima ku La Coruña, mzinda wa kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Spain, kuti akonze zombo zawo ndi kupezanso zakudya zina. Poona kuti anali ndi chakudya chochepa komanso asilikali ena anadwala, Kalonga wa ku Medina-Sidonia analembera kalata Mfumu Phillip kuiuza mosapita m’mbali za mavuto amene anakumana nawo paulendo umenewu. Koma Mfumu Phillip inakakamira kuti kalongayo angotsatira zimene watumidwa. Choncho zombo  zamavutozo zinapitiriza ulendo wawo mpaka zinakafika ku nyanja ya English Channel patadutsa miyezi iwiri chichokereni ku Lisbon.

Nkhondo Inayambika Panyanja

Pamene zombo za ku Spain zinafika ku Plymouth, kum’mwera chakumadzulo kwa England, Angelezi anali kudikirira ndi zombo zawo zankhondo. Iwonso anali ndi zombo zochuluka ngati za anzawowo koma zinali zopangidwa mosiyana. Zombo za ku Spain zinali zazitali kwambiri ndipo zinkaonekera pamwamba pa madzi, komanso zinali ndi mizinga yambirimbiri yoombera pafupi. Pokhala ndi mizinga yaikulu kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo kwake, zombozo zinali ngati midzi yamalinga yapanyanja yokhala ndi chitetezo chokwanira. Kamenyedwe ka nkhondo ka asilikali a ku Spain kanali kakuti asilikaliwo azilumphira m’zombo za adani awo ndi kuwagonjetsera momwemo. Koma zombo za ku England zinali zofupikirapo ndi zothamanga kwambiri, ndipo zinali ndi mizinga yoombera patali. Akuluakulu awo anakonza zoti asayandikane ndi adani awo koma kuti aziombera zombo za adaniwo ali kutali.

Kuti adziteteze ku zombo za ku England zothamanga kwambiri komanso zoombera patali, mtsogoleri wa asilikali a ku Spain anakonza dongosolo lomenyera nkhondo, loyala zombo zake mu mzera wokhala ngati uta. Zombo zamphamvu zokhala ndi mizinga yoombera patali anaziika kumapeto kwa mzerawo mbali zonse. Kulikonse kumene mdani akanachokera, zombo za ku Spain zikanatha kutembenuka ndi kuyang’anizana ndi mdaniyo ngati mmene njati imachitira ndi nyanga zake mkango ukamabwera.

Magulu awiriwo analimbana m’nyanja monse ndipo anaomberana maulendo awiri. Kamenyedwe ka nkhondo ka a asilikali a ku Spain kanathandiza, ndipo zombo za ku England zamizinga yoombera patali zinalephera kumiza ngakhale chombo chimodzi. Akuluakulu ankhondo a England anaganiza zosokoneza zombo za adani awo kuti zibwere pafupi. Mpata umenewo unapezeka pa August 7.

Kalonga wa ku Medina-Sidonia anatsatira zimene anauzidwa ndipo anapita ndi zombo zake kukakumana ndi Kalonga wa ku Parma ndi asilikali ake. Akudikirira yankho kwa Kalonga wa ku Parma, Kalonga wa ku Medina-Sidonia analamula asilikali ake kuti akocheze zombozo kufupi ndi ku Calais, kugombe la ku France. Popeza kuti zombo za ku Spain zinali zitakocheza ndipo zinali zopanda chitetezo, Angelezi anatumiza zombo zawo 8 zoponya moto, zimene zinayatsa zombo za adani awo. Ambiri a akuluakulu oyendetsa zombo za ku Spain anayesetsa kuthawitsa zombo zawo. Koma tsoka lake, anakumananso ndi namondwe amene anawakankhira kutali kwambiri kumpoto.

Mawa lake kutacha, inagundika nkhondo yomaliza. Asilikali a ku England anaombera zombo za ku Spain ataziyandikira, ndipo anaphwasuliratu zombo zosachepera zitatu ndipo zinanso zambiri zinawonongeka ngakhale kuti zinkayendabe. Popeza kuti asilikali a ku Spain anali atatsala ndi zida zochepa, anavutika kwambiri.

Kutabuka namondwe, asilikali a ku England analeka kaye nkhondoyo mpaka tsiku lotsatira. Tsiku limeneli kutacha, zombo za ku Spain zinayalananso ngati uta ndipo zinatembenuka kuyang’anizana ndi adani awo pokonzekeranso nkhondo. Asilikaliwo anachita zimenezi ngakhale anali atatsala ndi zida zochepa.  Koma asilikali a ku England asanayambe n’komwe kuombera, kunabweranso mphepo imene inakankhira zombo za ku Spain kulowera ku Zeeland kufupi ndi kugombe la ku Netherlands kumene zikanati zifikeko, zikanatsakama mu mchenga.

Pamene zinaoneka ngati kuti kwawo kwatha, mphepoyo inatembenuka ndi kukankhira zombo za ku Spain kumpoto komwe kunali koti angayende bwinobwino. Koma sakanatha kubwerera ku Calais chifukwa asilikali a ku England anali atatchinga, ndipo mphepo inapitirizabe kukankhira zombo zamavutozo kumpoto. Kalonga wa ku Medina-Sidonia anaona kuti sakanachitiranso mwina koma kusiya nkhondoyo kuti apulumutse zombo zambiri ndi asilikali ambirimbiri. Choncho anaganiza zobwerera ku Spain kudzera ku Scotland ndi Ireland.

Zombo Zinasweka ndi Namondwe

Zombo za ku Spain zinayenda movutika pobwerera kwawo. Analibe chakudya chokwanira, ndipo anali ndi madzi ochepa chifukwa chakuti madiramu ake anabooka. Asilikali a ku England anali atawononga kwambiri zombo zawo ndipo ndi zochepa zimene zinkayenda bwinobwino. Kenako, atafika kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Ireland, zombozo zinakumananso ndi namondwe amene anatenga milungu iwiri kuti athe. Zombo zina zinasowa ndipo sizinapezekenso. Zina zinaswekera ku gombe la ku Ireland.

Potsirizira pake, zombo za ku Spain zimene zinatsogola zinafika ku Santander, kumpoto kwa Spain pa September 23, zikuyenda motsimphina. Zombo 60 zokha ndi pafupifupi theka la anthu amene anachoka ku Lisbon kupita nawo paulendowo, ndiwo anatha kubwerera kwawo. Anthu zikwizikwi anathera pa nyanja. Ambirinso anafa chifukwa cha mabala akunkhondo kapena matenda pobwerera. Ngakhale anthu amene anapulumuka n’kufika ku Spain, mavuto awo sanathe.

Buku lofotokoza za kugonjetsedwa kwa asilikali a ku Spain limati: “Amalinyero ambiri analibiretu chakudya ndipo anafa ndi njala,” ngakhale kuti anali atakocheza padoko ku Spain komweko. Bukulo limatinso kudoko la Laredo, ku Spain komweko, chombo china chinasweka “chifukwa chakuti munalibe amuna okwanira kutsitsa thanga ndi kuponya nangula.”—Linatero buku la The Defeat of the Spanish Armada.

Kodi Kugonjako Kunali ndi Tanthauzo Lotani?

Apolotesitanti a kumpoto kwa Ulaya analimba mtima chifukwa cha kugonjetsedwa kwa asilikali a ku Spain ngakhale kuti nkhondo zachipembedzo zinapitirirabe. Apolotesitantiwo anakhulupirira kuti Mulungu anawathandiza kugonjetsa adani awo. Ndipo umboni wa zimenezi ndi mendulo ya Angelezi imene amakumbukirira nkhondoyo. Mawu olembedwa pa mendulo imeneyi amati, Flavit יהוה et dissipati sunt 1588, kutanthauza kuti “Yehova anautsa namondwe ndipo adani anamwazikana mu 1588.”

Patapita nthawi, dziko la Great Britain linakhala ulamuliro wamphamvu padziko lonse. Buku lina limati: “Mu 1763 dziko la Great Britain linakhala ulamuliro wamphamvu padziko lonse pa zamalonda ndi zautsamunda.” (Modern Europe to 1870) Buku linanso limati “mu 1763 Ufumu wa Britain unayamba kulamulira dziko ngati kuti Ufumu wa Roma waukanso ndi kukula kwambiri.” (Navy and Empire) Kenako, Ufumu wa Britain unagwirizana ndi dziko limene poyamba unkalilamulira la United States of America ndi kupanga ulamuliro wamphamvu padziko lonse wa Britain ndi America.

Anthu ophunzira Baibulo amachita chidwi ndi nkhani yonena za kuyamba ndi kutha kwa maulamuliro amphamvu padziko lonse. Izi zili choncho chifukwa chakuti Malemba Oyera amafotokoza zambiri za kusinthana kwa maboma akuluakulu padzikoli monga Iguputo, Asuri, Babulo, Amedi ndi Aperisi, Girisi, Roma, ndi ulamuliro wa Britain ndi America. Ndipotu Baibulo linaneneratu kalekale za kuyamba ndi kutha kwa maulamuliro osiyanasiyana amenewa.—Danieli 8:3-8, 20-22; Chivumbulutso 17:1-6, 9-11.

Tikayang’ana m’mbuyo, titha kuona kuti zimene zinachitika mu 1588, pamene zombo zankhondo za ku Spain zinalephera kugonjetsa adani awo, zinali ndi tanthauzo lapadera. Patadutsa zaka pafupifupi 200 kuchokera pamene Ufumu wa Britain unagonjetsa Spain, unakhala wamphamvu padziko lonse ndipo m’kupita kwa nthawi, unayamba kukwaniritsa ulosi wa m’Baibulo m’njira yapadera kwambiri.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Chithunzi/Mapu pamasamba 26, 27]

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

Ulendo wa Zombo za ku Spain

​——​ Njira yakunkhondo

–– Ulendo wobwerera kwawo

X Malo omenyanirana

SPAIN

Lisbon

La Coruña

Santander

FLANDERS

Calais

SPANISH NETHERLANDS

UNITED NETHERLANDS

ENGLAND

Plymouth

London

IRELAND

[Zithunzi patsamba 24]

Mfumu Philip Yachiwiri

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid

[Chithunzi patsamba 24]

Mfumukazi Elizabeth Yoyamba

[Chithunzi pamasamba 24, 25]

Mtsogoleri wa asilikali a ku Spain anali Kalonga wa ku Medina-Sidonia

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Cortesía de Fundación Casa de Medina Sidonia

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 25]

Museo Naval, Madrid