Kamudzi ka Asodzi Kanasintha N’kukhala Mzinda Waukulu

YOLEMBEDWA KU JAPAN

TSIKU lina mu August, m’chaka cha 1590, Ieyasu Tokugawa (yemwe ali ku dzanja lamanjayu), anafika pa mudzi wina kum’mawa kwa dziko la Japan. Iyeyu anali munthu woyamba kutchedwa Tokugawa. * Dzina la mudziwu linali Edo ndipo unali wa asodzi. Buku lina la mbiri yakale ya mzinda wa Tokyo limanena kuti panthawiyo “mudzi wa Edo unali ndi nyumba zochepa zopasukapasuka ndi nyumba zina zing’onozing’ono za alimi ndiponso asodzi.” (The Shogun’s City—A History of Tokyo) Kufupi ndi mudziwu kunali nyumba ina yachifumu yomwe inali itakhala zaka zoposa 100, ndipo panthawiyi sinkasamalidwanso.

Ngakhale kuti mudziwu sunali wotchuka kwa zaka zambiri, unadzasintha n’kukhala mzinda wa Tokyo, womwe ndi likulu la dziko la Japan, komanso uli ndi anthu oposa 12 miliyoni. Panopa, Tokyo ndi mzinda umodzi mwa mizinda yotsogola kwambiri pa luso la zopangapanga, ntchito zamtengatenga ndi zamalonda. Komanso ku Tokyo n’komwe kuli malikulu a mabungwe akuluakulu a zachuma. Kodi zinatani kuti kamudzi kameneka kasinthe mochititsa chidwi chonchi?

Kusintha N’kukhala Mzinda Wokhalamo Tokugawa

Kwa zaka 100 kuchokera mu 1467, mafumu ang’onoang’ono angapo omwe anali pankhondo anagawana dziko la Japan m’zigawo zingapo. Kenako Hideyoshi Toyotomi, mmodzi wa mafumu otere yemwe anachokera ku banja losauka kwambiri, anagwirizanitsa dziko la Japan, ndipo m’chaka cha 1585 anayamba kulamulira m’malo mwa mfumu yaikulu ya dzikolo. Poyamba, Ieyasu anachita nkhondo ndi Hideyoshi yemwe anali wamphamvu kwambiri, koma kenako anagwirizana naye. Atagwirizana choncho, iwo anazinga ndi kulanda nyumba yachifumu ya ku Odawara, yomwe inali likulu la mtundu wamphamvu kwambiri wa Hōjō, n’kugonjetsa chigawo chakum’mawa kwa dziko la Japan, chotchedwa Kanto.

Hideyoshi anapatsa Ieyasu dera Kantoli. Derali linali la zigawo 8, ndipo mbali yake yaikulu inali m’manja mwa a Hōjō. Izi zinachititsa kuti Ieyasu akakhale kum’mawa kwa dera lomwe Hideyoshi ankalamulira. Zikuoneka kuti iye anachita izi n’cholinga choti Ieyasu akhale kutali ndi mzinda wa Kyoto, komwe kunkakhala mfumu yaikulu ya dziko la Japan. Komabe, Ieyasu anagwirizana ndi zimenezi ndipo anafika ku Edo monga momwe tafotokozera poyamba paja. Iye anakonza zoti asinthe mudziwu kuti ukhale likulu lake.

Hideyoshi atamwalira, Ieyasu anatsogolera asilikali a zigawo zosiyanasiyana makamaka zakum’mawa kwa dziko la Japan, pokamenyana ndi asilikali ochokera kumadzulo kwa dzikolo, ndipo iye  anapambana nkhondoyo m’chaka cha 1600, atamenyana tsiku limodzi lokha. M’chaka cha 1603, Ieyasu anasankhidwa kukhala mkulu wa asilikali, n’kuyamba kulamulira dziko lonse la Japan. Tsopano Edo anakhala likulu latsopano la ntchito zoyendetsera dziko la Japan.

Ieyasu analamula kuti mafumu ang’onoang’ono m’dzikolo am’tumizire anthu ndiponso zipangizo kuti atsirize kumanga nyumba yachifumu yaikulu kwambiri. Panthawi ina panali sitima zapamadzi 3,000 zomwe zinkanyamula miyala ikuluikulu yomwe ankaswa ku chilumba cha Izu. Chilumbachi chili pamtunda wa makilomita pafupifupi 100 kum’mwera kwa dzikolo. Miyalayo ikafika pa doko, anthu 100 kapena kuposerapo ankaigubuduza kukafika pamalo omwe ankamanga nyumbayo.

Nyumbayi, yomwe ndi yaikulu kwambiri ku Japan konse, inatenga zaka 50 kuti aimalize ndipo imasonyeza mphamvu zimene a Tokugawa anali nazo. Nthawi imeneyi ankalamulira ndi Tokugawa wachitatu. Asilikali otumikira Tokugawa anamanga nyumba zawo mozungulira nyumbayi. Mkulu wa asilikaliyo analamula kuti mafumu ang’onoang’ono m’dzikolo amange nyumba zikuluzikulu ku Edo kuwonjezera pa nyumba zachifumu za m’magawo awo.

Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa asilikali ku Edo, anthu ambiri amalonda ndiponso amisiri a ntchito zosiyanasiyana anasamukira ku mzindawo kuchokera m’madera osiyanasiyana. Pofika mu 1695, pasanathe n’komwe zaka 100 Ieyasu atafika ku Edo, chiwerengero cha anthu mumzindawu chinafika pa 1 miliyoni. Nthawi imeneyo, Edo unali mzinda waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse.

Amalonda Akhala ndi Mphamvu Zambiri

Boma la a Tokugawa linathandiza kwambiri kuti kukhale bata moti asilikali analibe zochita zambiri. Ngakhale kuti asilikaliwo ankanyadira ntchito yawo, pang’ono ndi pang’ono mphamvu zawo zinayamba kuchepa ndipo amalonda ndiwo anayamba kukhala ndi mphamvu zambiri. Kwa zaka zoposa 250, ku Japan kunali bata lokhalokha. Anthu wamba, makamaka amalonda, analemera kwambiri ndipo anali ndi ufulu wadzaoneni. Izi zinachititsa kuti chikhalidwe cha anthu chisinthe kwambiri.

Anthu mumzindawu ankakonda kuonera zisudzo za mbiri yakale ndi za tizidole. Ankakondanso kukamvetsera nthano zoseketsa. Madzulo, m’nyengo yotentha yachilimwe, anthu ankakapitidwa mphepo m’gombe la mtsinje wa Sumida womwe unadutsa m’katikati mwa mzinda wa Edo. Ankakondanso kuonera anthu akuphulitsa makombola (mafayawekisi) madzulo m’nyengo yachilimwe, zomwe amachitabe mpaka pano.

Komatu nthawi yonseyi mzinda wa Edo sunkadziwika m’madera ena a dziko lapansili. Boma linakhazikitsa lamulo loletsa anthu ake  kuchita zinthu ndi anthu a m’mayiko ena. Linkalola anthu ake kuchita zinthu pang’ono chabe ndi anthu a ku Netherlands, China ndi ku Korea basi. Lamulo limeneli linagwira ntchito kwa zaka zoposa 200, koma mwadzidzidzi, tsiku lina kunachitika zinthu zomwe zinasintha mzinda wa Edo ndi dziko lonse la Japan.

Mzinda wa Edo Usinthidwa N’kukhala Tokyo

Kufupi ndi gombe la Edo, kunatulukira sitima zachilendo zotulutsa utsi wakuda. Asodzi anadabwa ndi sitimazo ndipo anaganiza kuti ndi kuphulika kwa mapiri pansi panyanja. Mphekesera zokokomeza nkhaniyi zinafala ku Edo ndipo zinachititsa kuti anthu ambiri asamuke mu mzindawo.

Sitimazi zinalipo zinayi ndipo zinkatsogoleredwa ndi Matthew C. Perry, mkulu wa asilikali apamadzi a dziko la United States. Zinakocheza pa doko la Edo pa July 8, 1853 (chithunzi chakudzanja lamanzere). Perry anapempha kuti boma la asilikali lilole dziko la Japan kuti lizichita malonda ndi dziko lake. Chifukwa cha ulendo wa Perry, anthu ku Japan anayamba kuzindikira kuti ndi otsalira kwambiri pankhani zankhondo ndiponso zaumisiri.

Izi zinayambitsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana zomwe pomalizira pake zinagwetsa ulamuliro wa a Tokugawa ndi kubwezeretsa ulamuliro wa mfumu yaikulu. Mu 1868, mzinda wa Edo anausintha dzina n’kukhala Tokyo, kutanthauza kuti “Likulu Lakum’mawa,” chifukwa cha mbali yomwe mzindawu unali kuchokera ku Kyoto. Motero, mfumu yaikulu inasamuka ku Kyoto n’kukakhala ku nyumba yachifumu ku Edo, yomwe kenako inakonzedwa n’kukhala Nyumba yachifumu yatsopano.

Boma latsopano linayamba ntchito yosintha dziko la Japan kuti lizichita zinthu zamakono, potengera chikhalidwe cha azungu. Iyitu sinali ntchito yamasewera. Ena amati imeneyi inali nyengo yodabwitsa kwambiri. Mu 1869 anakhazikitsa ntchito yotumiza matelegalamu pakati pa mizinda ya Tokyo ndi Yokohama. Pasanapite nthawi yaitali, anayamba  kukonza njanji yoyamba yolumikiza mizinda iwiriyi. Anthu anayamba kumanga nyumba zanjerwa, m’malo mwa nyumba zamatabwa. Kunamangidwanso mabanki, mahotela, masitolo akuluakulu ndi malesitilanti. Anakhazikitsanso sukulu zoyamba za maphunziro aukachenjede. Anayambanso kuwaka misewu. Mumtsinje wa Sumida munayamba kuyenda sitima zoyendera malasha.

Nawonso anthu anayamba kuoneka mosiyana. Anthu ankakonda kuvala zovala zachijapani zotchedwa kimono, koma ambiri anayamba kutengera kavalidwe ka azungu. Amuna anayamba kusunga ndevu zapamwamba pamlomo, kuvala zipewa ndiponso kuyenda ndi ndodo. Nawonso akazi anayamba kuvala madiresi komanso kuphunzira magule a azungu.

Kuwonjezera pa mowa wamakolo, anthu anayamba kukonda mowa wa kwa azungu. Komanso masewera a mpira anatchuka kwambiri kufanana ndi masewera awo okolana ndale ndi kulikhana omwe anali otchuka m’dziko lonselo. Mzinda wa Tokyo unatengera chikhalidwe ndiponso mfundo zilizonse zandale zomwe zinalipo panthawiyo. Mzindawu unapitiriza kukula mpaka pa tsiku lina limene kunagwa tsoka.

Umangidwanso Pambuyo pa Chivomezi

Pa September 1, 1923, anthu ambiri ali m’kati mokonza nkhomaliro, ku Kanto kunachita chivomezi champhamvu kwambiri ndipo pambuyo pake kunachitanso zivomezi zina zing’onozing’ono zambirimbiri. Kenako, patatha maola 24 kunachita chivomezi chinanso champhamvu kwambiri. Ngakhale kuti chivomezicho chinawononga zinthu zambiri, moto womwe chinayambitsa ndi umene unasakaza kwambiri mzinda wa Tokyo. M’dera lonseli, anthu oposa 100,000 anafa, ndipo anthu 60,000 anali a mumzindawu.

Anthu a ku Tokyo anayamba ntchito yaikulu kwambiri yomanganso mzinda wawo. Zinthu zitabwererako mwakale, mzindawo unawonongedwanso ndi mabomba pankhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Mabomba amene anauwononga kwambiri ndi amene anaponyedwa usiku pa March 9, 1945. Akuti mabomba 700,000 anaponyedwa kuyambira pakati pausiku mpaka m’bandakucha. Nyumba zambiri zinali zamatabwa ndipo mabombawo anapha anthu oposa 77,000 m’dera lokhala anthu ambiri. Mabombawa anasakaza kwambiri kuposa mabomba onse amene aponyedwapo pankhondo zosagwiritsa ntchito zida zanyukiliya.

Ngakhale kuti mzinda wa Tokyo unawonongedwa chonchi, unamangidwanso bwino kwambiri kuposa kale lonse. Pofika mu 1964, pasanathe n’komwe zaka 20, mzindawu unali utatukuka kwambiri mpaka kufika pochititsa masewera a olimpiki a m’nyengo yachilimwe. M’zaka 40 zapitazi, anthu akhala kalikiliki kumanga nyumba zambiri zosanja n’kumafutukula mzindawu.

Mzimu wa Anthu Ake Umawathandiza Kuumanganso

Mzinda wa Edo, womwe panopa umatchedwa Tokyo, tsopano wakhala zaka 400. Koma sikuti ndi mzinda wakale kwambiri tikauyerekeza ndi mizinda ina ikuluikulu padziko lonse. Ngakhale kuti mzindawu uli ndi mbali zina zachikale, ndi nyumba zochepa kwambiri zomwe zili zachikale. Komabe, munthu akauonetsetsa bwinobwino, angaone kuti mapulani ake anachokera ku mzinda wakale wa Edo.

Pakatikati pa mzindawu pali dera lalikulu lamaluwa. Nyumba yachifumu ndiponso dera lozungulira nyumbayi zili pamalo omwe aja pamene panali nyumba yoyambirira yachifumu ku Edo. Kuchokera pamalo amenewa pali misewu ikuluikulu yambiri yotuluka mu mzindawu, zimene zimasonyeza kuti mapulani ake anatengera mzinda wakale wa Edo. Ngakhalenso misewu ina yonse mumzindawu imapangitsa munthu kuganizira za mzinda wakale wa Edo. Komanso misewu yambiri ilibe mayina. Mapuloti ambiri si ofanana ndi a m’mizinda ina ikuluikulu chifukwa ali ndi manambala ndipo ndi aakulu mosiyanasiyana komanso odulidwa mosiyanasiyana.

Koma chinthu chapadera kwambiri chomwe chidakalipobe mu mzindawu ndi mzimu womwe anthu ake ali nawo. Iwo sachedwa kutengera zinthu zatsopano, makamaka za m’mayiko ena, ndiponso ndi akhama potukula mzinda wawo ngakhale pambuyo pa zivomezi, mavuto aakulu azachuma, kapena mavuto ena obwera chifukwa cha kuchulukana kwa anthu. Mungathe kukadzionera nokha khama la anthu a mumzinda wa Tokyo. Anasintha kamudzi kakang’ono ka asodzi, kosadziwika n’komwe n’kukasandutsa mzinda wotchuka padziko lonse.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Mapu patsamba 11]

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

JAPAN

TOKYO (Edo)

Yokohama

Kyoto

Osaka

[Chithunzi pamasamba 12, 13]

Mzinda wa Tokyo masiku ano

[Credi Line]

Ken Usami/photodisc/age fotostock

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 11]

© The Bridgeman Art Library

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 13]

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