Mbalame Zampala Zimene Zinaletsedwa Kuulukira Kutali

MBALAME zisanu za banja limodzi zakonzeka kuti ziyambe ulendo wautali ndipo anthu ozifunira zabwino abwera kudzatsanzikana nazo. Mbalamezo zikuyang’ana komaliza malo amene zakhalako kwa nthawi yaitali ndipo kenako zikunyamuka. Pamene anthuwo akuonerera, mbalamezo zikuulukira m’mwamba ndipo kenako sizikuonekanso.

Izi zinachitikira pamalo owetera mbalame m’tauni ya Birecik, yomwe ili pafupi ndi mtsinje wa Euphrates, m’dziko la Turkey. Mbalame zomwe zinayamba ulendo wawozo zili m’gulu la mbalame zinazake zokhala ndi mpala, zimene zatsala pang’ono kutha padziko lapansi. Ponyamuka, mbalame iliyonse kumwendo kwake amamangirirako kachipangizo kenakake kothandiza anthu kudziwa komwe mbalameyo ili. Anthu ozifunira zabwinowo amagwira ntchito pamalopa ndipo ena ndi alendo ongobwera. Iwo anali ndi nkhawa kuona mbalamezo zikuuluka kupita kumalo osadziwika ndipo ankaopa kuti mwina sizidzabwereranso.

Kodi mbalamezi ndi zotani? Kodi zimakonda kusamukira kuti? Ndipo kodi n’chifukwa chiyani anthu amachita chidwi zikamasamuka?

Zidziweni Bwino Mbalamezi

Mbalamezi zikamabadwa zimakhala ndi nthenga pamutu pake koma zikamakula, nthengazi zimasosoka. Ichi n’chifukwa chake anthu ambiri amazitchula kuti “mbalame zampala.” Kupatula pamutu pake, thupi lonse limakhala ndi nthenga zakuda zimene zimaoneka ngati zobiriwira komanso zabuluu mbalamezi zikakhala padzuwa. Khungu ndiponso mlomo wake zimakhala zofiira, ndipo mbalamezi zimakhala ndi nthenga zazitali pakhosi pake.

Mbalamezi zimatenga zaka zitatu kapena zinayi kuti zifike poti zakula. Ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi moyo zaka 25 mpaka 30. Zimadya tizilombo, abuluzi, ngakhalenso nyama zing’onozing’ono. Zazikazi zimaikira dzira limodzi, awiri kapena atatu pachaka ndipo zimakhalira mazirawo kwa milungu pafupifupi inayi. Mbalamezi n’zochititsa chidwi chifukwa yaikazi ndi yaimuna zikatengana, sizisiyana moyo wawo wonse. Imodzi ikafa, yotsalayo imakhala ndi chisoni  kwambiri. Akuti nthawi zambiri mbalame yotsalayo imasiya dala kudya kuti nayonso ife kapena imadzigwetsa pansi kuchokera pamwamba pa thanthwe lalitali kuti ife.

Anthu okhala ku Birecik angakuuzeni kuti mpaka kufika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1900, mbalame zimenezi zikamabwerera kuchokera ku ulendo wawo wa chaka ndi chaka, anthu ankakondwera kwambiri, chifukwa ankadziwa kuti nyengo yachisanu ikupita kumapeto. Pa chikondwererocho, chomwe chinkachitika pakatikati pa mwezi wa February, ankakokera mabwato kumtunda kuchokera mumtsinje wa Euphrates, uku akuimba ng’oma ndi kuchita madyerero.

Kalelo, mbalame zimenezi zinalipo zambirimbiri moti zikamauluka m’mlengalenga zinkaoneka ngati mtambo waukulu wakuda. Koma m’zaka za m’ma 1900, makamaka zaka 50 zapitazo, chiwerengero cha mbalamezi chachepa kwambiri. Pa nthawi ina, pamalo owetera mbalame a ku Birecik panali mbalame zazimuna zokwana pakati pa 500 ndi 600, ndi zazikazinso zokwana pakati pa 500 ndi 600. Koma chiwerengero cha mbalamezi chinatsika kwambiri pamene anthu anayamba kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo m’mbewu m’zaka za m’ma 1950. Panopa, mbalamezi zatsala zochepa kwambiri padziko lonse.

Ntchito Yoteteza Mbalamezi ku Turkey

Malo owetera mbalame a ku Birecik anakhazikitsidwa mu 1977. Mbalamezi ankazilola kuti zizipita ku ulendo wawo wa chaka ndi chaka mpaka mu 1990, pamene mbalame imodzi yokha ndi imene inabwererako. Kenako sankazilolanso kuti zizipita ku ulendo wawo. Anthu ogwira ntchito pamalo owetera mbalamezi ankaziika m’zikwere pa nthawi imene zinayenera kuyamba ulendo wawo, m’miyezi ya July ndi August. Ankatulutsa mbalamezi m’zikwerezo mu February kapena March chaka chotsatira, pa nthawi imene mbalamezi zikanakhala zikubwera kuchokera ku ulendowo.

Mu 1997, anaganiza kuti ayesenso kulola mbalamezi kupita ku ulendo wawo. Koma n’zomvetsa chisoni kuti mbalame zonse 25 zimene zinapita ku ulendowo, sizinabwereko. Kuyambira mu 1998, anapitiriza kuika mbalame zonse m’zikwere kuti zisamapite ku ulendo wawo. Ngakhale kuti mbalamezi siziloledwanso kuchoka pamalo oweterawa, zikuchulukabe moti panopa pali mbalame pafupifupi 100.

Kodi Tsogolo la Mbalamezi Ndi Lotani?

N’zomvetsa chisoni kuti pa mbalame zisanu zimene tinazitchula koyambirira kwa nkhani ino zija, ziwiri zokha n’zimene zinabwerera. Kenako mu 2008, gulu linanso la mbalamezi linaloledwa kupita ku ulendo wawo. Koma nazonso sizinabwerere. Akuluakulu a boma anati mbalamezi zinayenda ulendo wautali kulowera kum’mwera mpaka kukafika m’dziko la Jordan, koma zinafa zitadya poizoni. Zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti ngakhale kuti mbalamezi zikuchuluka pamalo oweterawa, komanso asayansi ndi akuluakulu a boma akuyesetsa kuziteteza, tsogolo la mbalamezi n’lokayikitsabe.

Zinthu zimene zakhala zikuchitikazi zikusonyeza kuti ngakhale kuti mbalamezi anaziletsa kuulukira kutali pofuna kuziteteza, sizinaiwale chibadwa chawo choyenda maulendo ataliatali. Zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti mawu a pa Yeremiya 8:7 ndi oona. Lembali limati: “Chumba cha mlengalenga chidziwa nyengo zake; ndipo njiwa ndi namzeze ndi chingalu ziyang’anira nyengo yakufika kwawo.”

[Chithunzi patsamba 10]

Left: Richard Bartz; right: © PREAU Louis-Marie/age fotostock