Mbiri ya Ahasimoni ndi Zomwe Anayambitsa
Mbiri ya Ahasimoni ndi Zomwe Anayambitsa
PAMENE Yesu anali padziko lapansi, Chiyuda chinali chogaŵikana m’timagulumagulu tomwe tinkayesetsa kukopa anthu ambiri. Mauthenga abwino komanso mabuku olembedwa ndi wodziŵa mbiri yakale wachiyuda wa m’zaka za zana loyamba Josephus, akusonyeza zimenezo.
Afarisi ndi Asaduki akuoneka monga magulu ofunika zedi mwa timaguluto. Iwo anali amphamvu pokopa maganizo a anthu mpaka kuwapangitsa kukana Yesu kuti si Mesiya. (Mateyu 15:1, 2; 16:1; Yohane 11:47, 48; 12:42, 43) Komabe, magulu aŵiri amphamvuŵa, sanatchulidwe n’komwe m’Malemba Achihebri.
Josephus anatchula za Asaduki ndi Afarisi koyamba pofotokoza zochitika kuyambira mu 200 B.C.E. kufika mu 100 B.C.E. Panthaŵiyi, Ayuda ambiri anali kukopeka ndi chikhalidwe ndi nzeru zachigiriki zotchedwa Chihelene. Kupikisana kwa Chihelene ndi Chiyuda kunafika pachimake pamene olamulira otchedwa Aselukasi anaipitsa kachisi ku Yerusalemu pom’patulira kwa mulungu wawo Zeu. Mtsogoleri wamphamvu wachiyuda, Yuda Makabe, wa m’banja la Ahasimoni, anatsogolera gulu lankhondo loukira ulamuliro wa Agiriki lomwe linalandanso kachisiyo. *
Amakabe ataukira ndi kupambana nkhondoyo, kunayambika chizoloŵezi chopanga timagulu tokhala ndi mfundo zosiyanasiyana topikisana pokopa Ayuda ambiri. Koma n’chifukwa chiyani panayambika chizoloŵezi chimenechi? N’chifukwa chiyani Chiyuda chinagaŵikana choncho? Kuti tiyankhe mafunsoŵa, tikambirane kaye za mbiri ya Ahasimoni.
Kuwonjezeka kwa Kudziimira ndi Kusagwirizana
Atakwanitsa cholinga chake cha kukhazikitsanso kulambira pa kachisi wa Yehova, Yuda Makabe anayamba ndale. Chifukwa cha zimenezo, Ayuda ambiri anasiya kum’tsatira. Koma iye anapitirizabe kumenyana ndi olamulira achiselukasi. Anapanga mgwirizano ndi Aroma ndi kukonza zokhazikitsa boma loima palokha lachiyuda. Yuda atamwalira kunkhondo, abale ake Yonatani ndi Simoni anapitiriza nkhondoyo. Poyamba, olamulira achiselukasi analimbana mwamphamvu ndi Amakabe. Koma m’kupita kwa nthaŵi, olamulirawo anavomereza kugwirizana nawo pa zandale, zomwe zinaperekako kaufulu kodzilamulira kwa banja la Ahasimoni.
Ngakhale kuti anachokera m’fuko la ansembe, panalibe munthu wa m’banja la Ahasimoni amene anakhalako mkulu wa ansembe. Ayuda ambiri ankaganiza kuti ansembe a fuko la Zadoki, yemwe Solomo anam’sankha kukhala mkulu wa ansembe, ndiwo anali oyenera kukhala pa udindowu. (1 Mafumu 2:35; Ezekieli 43:19) Yonatani anagwiritsa ntchito nkhondo ndi zokambirana kukakamiza Aselukasi kuti am’sankhe kukhala mkulu wa ansembe. Koma Yonatani atamwalira, mbale wake Simoni anachita zambiri. Mu September 140 B.C.E., chigamulo chofunika chinaperekedwa ku Yerusalemu. Chinalembedwa pa chitsulo cha bronze m’kalembedwe ka Chigiriki kuti: “Mfumu Demetriyo [wolamulira wachigiriki wachiselukasi] adatsimikiza zakuti [Simoni] akhale mkulu wa ansembe, anam’panga kukhala m’modzi wa Mabwenzi ake, ndipo anam’chitira zaulemu kwambiri. . . . Ayuda ndi ansembe awo anamvana kuti Simoni akhale mtsogoleri wawo ndi mkulu wa ansembe nthaŵi zonse, mpaka pamene mneneri wodalirika adzaonekera.”—1 Amakabe 14:38-41 (buku la mbiri yakale la mu Apokirifa).
Udindo wa Simoni ndiponso ana ake, wokhala wolamulira ndi mkulu wansembe, unavomerezedwa ndi ulamuliro wakunja wa Aselukasi, komanso ndi “Msonkhano Waukulu” wa anthu ake. Kuyambira pamenepo, zinthu zinasintha kwambiri. Wolemba mbiri yakale Emil Schürer anati, Ahasimoni atakhala fuko la mafumu andale, “cholinga chawo chachikulu sichinalinso kuonetsetsa kuti Torah [Lamulo la Chiyuda] ikutsatidwa, koma kulimbikitsa ndi kuwonjezera mphamvu yawo pa ndale.” Poopa kukwiyitsa Ayuda, Simoni anagwiritsa ntchito dzina lakuti “mtsogoleri wa anthu,” mmalo mwakuti “mfumu.”
Si aliyense yemwe anasangalala ndi kupyola malire kwa Ahasimoni potenga ulamuliro wa zachipembedzo ndi wa zandale. Anthu ambiri odziŵa mbiri yakale amati, ndi panthaŵiyi pamene anthu ena anakakhala ku Qumran. Wansembe wa fuko la Zadoki, yemwe anthu ena amakhulupirira kuti ndiye anatchulidwa m’mabuku opezeka ku Qumran kuti “Mphunzitsi Wachilungamo,” ndiye anali mtsogoleri wa gulu loukira lomwe linatuluka mu Yerusalemu kupita ku chipululu cha Yudeya kufupi ndi Nyanja Yakufa. Mpukutu wina wa ku Nyanja Yakufa wothirira ndemanga pa buku la Habakuku unadzudzula “Wansembe Woipa yemwe poyamba anatchulidwa dzina la choonadi koma anakhala wodzikuza polamulira Israyeli.” Ophunzira za Baibulo ambiri amakhulupirira kuti Yonatani ngakhalenso Simoni angayenerere kutchedwa kuti “Wansembe Woipa” wolamulira.
Simoni analimbikitsa nkhondo pofuna kukulitsa gawo loti azilamulira. Koma ulamuliro wake unatha mwadzidzidzi pamene mkamwini wake Tolemi anamupha limodzi ndi ana ake aŵiri kuphwando kufupi ndi Yeriko. Koma Tolemi analephera kulanda ulamuliro. Anthu anachenjeza mwana wotsala wa Simoni wotchedwa Yohane Hirikano kuti nayenso angaphedwe. Choncho iye anagwira amene amawaganizira kuti angamuphe ndi kuloŵa mmalo mwa bambo ake monga wolamulira ndi mkulu wa ansembe.
Kupitiriza Kukula ndi Kupondereza Ena
Poyamba, magulu ankhondo achisuriya analimbana ndi Yohane Hirikano mochititsa mantha. Koma mu 129 B.C.E., ufumu wa Aselukasi unagonjetsedwa pankhondo yoopsa ndi Aparti. Pa zimene nkhondoyi inachita kwa Aselukasi, Menahem Stern, wachiyuda yemwe anali wodziŵa bwino mbiri yakale anati: “Ufumu wonsewo unatheratu.” Choncho Hirikano “anapeza mpata woyambitsanso Yudeya kudziimira bwinobwino pa ndale ndi kuyamba kuwonjezera gawo lake ku mbali zosiyanasiyana.” Ndipo anaterodi.
Tsopano, popanda kuopanso Asuriya, Hirikano anayamba kuloŵerera m’madera ena kunja kwa Yudeya ndi kumawagonjetsa. Ankalamula ogonjetsedwawo kuloŵa Chiyuda kuti mizinda yawo asaiphwasule. Ena omwe anawagonjetsa anali a Edomu. Pankhaniyi Stern anati: “Aedomu ndiwo anali oyamba kuti mtundu wonse uloŵe Chiyuda mmalo mwa anthu oŵerengeka chabe.” Hirikano anagonjetsanso Samariya ndi kuphwasula kachisi wawo pa phiri la Gerizimu. Pofotokoza kudabwitsa kwa mchitidwe wa Ahasimoni wokakamiza anthu kuloŵa Chiyuda, wolemba mbiri yakale Solomon Grayzel anati: “Mdzukulu uyu wa Matatio [bambo ake a Yuda Makabe] anali kuswa mfundo ya ufulu wachipembedzo yomwe mbadwo wakale unateteza kwambiri.”
Kuyambika kwa Gulu la Afarisi ndi Asaduki
Josephus anatchula koyamba za kukula mphamvu kwa Afarisi ndi Asaduki pofotokoza ulamuliro wa Hirikano. (Josephus anatchula za Afarisi omwe analipo mu ulamuliro wa Yonatani.) Koma sananene chiyambi chawo. Anthu ena odziŵa mbiri yakale amati Afarisi anachokera m’gulu lachipembedzo lampatuko la Ahasidi lomwe linathandiza Yuda Makabe pa zolinga zake zachipembedzo n’kusiya kum’tsata atayamba zandale.
Ambiri amati mawu akuti Afarisi anachokera ku mawu achihebri otanthauza “opatulika,” ngakhale kuti ena amaganiza kuti anachokera ku mawu akuti “omasulira.” Afarisi anali chabe anthu ophunzira osati fuko lapadera. Anadzipatula okha kukhala oyera pa miyambo mwa kusankha kumatsata malamulo apakachisi operekedwa kwa ansembe kuti azikhala oyera pa moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Afarisi anayambitsa mtundu wina wa kumasulira Malemba womwe pambuyo pake unatchedwa chilamulo cha pakamwa. M’nthaŵi ya ulamuliro wa Simoni, iwo anakhala ndi mphamvu zochulukirapo pamene ena anasankhidwa kukhala m’bungwe la akulu lotchedwa Yerosiya lomwe kenako linatchedwa Sanihedirini.
Josephus anati poyamba Yohane Hirikano ankaphunzira ndi kutsatira za Afarisi. Koma panthaŵi inayake Afarisi anam’dzudzula chifukwa chokhalabe mkulu wa ansembe. Izi zinapangitsa Hirikano kudana nawo kwambiri. Iye anati malamulo achipembedzo a Afarisi sanali a lamulo. Popitiriza kuwalanga, iye anagwirizana ndi gulu lachipembedzo lodana ndi Afarisi la Asaduki.
Mawu akuti Asaduki n’ngogwirizana ndi Mkulu wa Ansembe Zadoki, yemwe mbadwa zake zinali kukhala akulu a ansembe kuyambira mu ulamuliro wa Solomo. Komabe, Asaduki ena sanali mbadwa zake. Malinga ndi zimene Josephus analemba, Asaduki anali anthu otchuka a maudindo ndi opeza bwino, ndipo sanali kukondedwa ndi anthu ambiri. Pulofesa Schiffman anati: “Ambiri . . . ayenera kuti anali ansembe kapena okwatira ku mabanja a akulu ansembe.” Motero kwa nthaŵi yaitali anadziŵana kwambiri ndi olamulira. Choncho, kukula mphamvu kwa Afarisi pa zochita za anthu ndi maganizo awo ofuna kukopa anthu onse kukhala oyera monga ansembe, kunaoneka ngati kufuna kuthetsa mphamvu za Asaduki. Koma m’zaka zomalizira za ulamuliro wa Hirikano, Asaduki anakhalanso amphamvu.
Kutukula Kwambiri Ndale, N’kuchepetsa Kudzipereka pa Chipembedzo
Aristobulo mwana wa mwamuna woyamba wa Hirikano, analamulira chaka chimodzi chokha n’kumwalira. Anapitiriza kukakamiza anthu monga Aitureya kuloŵa Chiyuda ndi kulanda madera a kumtunda kwa Galileya kuti azilamuliridwa ndi Ahasimoni. Koma ulamuliro wa Ahasimoni unafika pachimake penipeni pamene mng’ono wake Alesandro Janasi anali kulamulira, kuchokera mu 103 B.C.E. mpaka mu 76 B.C.E.
Alesandro Janasi anakana kutsatira dongosolo lakale nadzikhazika yekha mfumu ndi mkulu wa ansembe. Mkangano wa Ahasimoni ndi Afarisi unakula mpaka kuyambitsa nkhondo ya pachiŵeniŵeni yomwe inapha Ayuda 50,000. Atathetsa kuukirako, mwa njira yofanana kwambiri ndi zochita za mafumu achikunja, Janasi anapachika anthu 800 mwa opandukawo. Mmene anthuwo anali pafupi kufa, akazi ndi ana awo anawapha iwo akuona, Janasi ali potero paphwando ndi akazi ake.Ngakhale kuti ankadana ndi Afarisi, Janasi anali wandale wanzeru. Anaona kuti Afarisi anali kutenga malo kwambiri pakati pa anthu. Pamene amamwalira, anauza mkazi wake Salome Alesanda kuti agwirizane nawo. Janasi anasankha mkazi wakeyu kukhala wolamulira mmalo mwa ana ake. Salome anasonyezadi kukhala mtsogoleri woyenera, ndipo nthaŵi ya ulamuliro wake inali yamtendere kwambiri m’mbiri yonse ya Ahasimoni (76-67 B.C.E.). Afarisi anapatsidwanso maudindo awo, ndipo malamulo oletsa malamulo awo achipembedzo anathetsedwa.
Salome atamwalira, ana ake, Hirikano 2 yemwe anali mkulu wa ansembe, ndi Aristobulo 2 anayamba kulimbirana utsogoleri. Mosiyana ndi makolo awo, onse analibe nzeru pa ndale ndi pa nkhondo. Zikuoneka kuti iwo sanazindikire bwino kuti kuwonjezeka kwa Aroma m’deralo ufumu wa Aselukasi utatheratu kunali kutanthauzanji. Mu 63 B.C.E., aŵiriŵa anapita kwa wolamulira wachiroma Pompey yemwe panthaŵiyo anali ku Damasiko ndi kum’pempha kuti awathandize kuthetsa mkangano wawo. Chaka chomwecho, Pompey ndi asilikali ake anakalanda Yerusalemu. Ichi chinali chiyambi cha kutha kwa ufumu wa Ahasimoni. Mu 37 B.C.E., mfumu yachiedomu Herode Wamkulu anayamba kulamulira Yerusalemu atasankhidwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo ya Roma kukhala “Mfumu ya Yuda,” “wogwirizana ndi Aroma ndiponso bwenzi lawo.” Ufumu wa Ahasimoni unatheratu.
Zomwe Ahasimoni Anayambitsa
Ulamuliro wa Ahasimoni, kuyambira ndi Yuda Makabe mpaka Aristobulo 2, ndiwo unayambitsa kugaŵikana kwa chipembedzo komwe kunalipo Yesu ali padziko lapansi. Poyamba, Ahasimoni anali okonda kulambira Mulungu, koma kenako anayamba kukonda zolinga zawo. Ansembe awo, omwe akanatha kugwirizanitsa anthu kutsata Chilamulo cha Mulungu, anawatsogolera kuti azilimbana pa zandale. Ndi zochitika zoterezi, kusiyana maganizo pa chipembedzo kunakula. Ngakhale kuti panalibenso Ahasimoni, kulimbana pa zachipembedzo kwa Asaduki ndi Afarisi ndiponso magulu ena, kunapitirizabe mu ufumu wa Herode ndi Roma.
[Mawu a M’munsi]
^ ndime 4 Ŵerengani nkhani yakuti “Kodi Amakabe Anali Ayani?” mu Nsanja ya Olonda ya November 15, 1998.
^ ndime 22 Mpukutu wa ku Nyanja Yakufa wotchedwa kuti “Ndemanga pa Buku la Nahumu” umatchula za “Mkango Waukali” umene “unapachika anthu amoyo.” Mwina umanena za nkhaniyi.
[Tchati patsamba 30]
(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)
Mafumu Achihasimoni
Yuda Makabe Yonatane Makabe Simoni Makabe
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Yohane Hirikano
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Salome Alesanda— mkazi wa— Alesandro Janasi Aristobulo
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Hirikano 2 Aristobulo 2
[Chithunzi patsamba 27]
Yuda Makabe anamenyera ufulu wa Ayuda
[Mawu a Chithunzi]
The Doré Bible Illustrations/Dover Publications, Inc.
[Chithunzi patsamba 29]
Ahasimoni anamenya nkhondo kuti azilamulira mizinda yomwe sinali yachiyuda
[Mawu a Chithunzi]
The Doré Bible Illustrations/Dover Publications, Inc.