Kodi Mukudziwa?

Kuwonjezera pa vinyo, kodi ndi zakumwa zoledzeretsa zina ziti zimene anthu ankafulula m’nthawi za m’Baibulo?

▪ Nthawi zambiri Baibulo likamatchula “vinyo” limatchulanso “chakumwa cholimba [chakumwa choledzeretsa, NW].” (Deuteronomo 14:26; Luka 1:15) Mawu akuti “cholimba” kapena “choledzeretsa” sakutanthauza kuti zakumwa zimenezi ankazipanga potsatira njira imene anthu masiku ano amatsatira potcheza kachasu. Njira imeneyi inadzatulukiridwa patapita zaka zambiri. Sikuti nthawi zonse ankapanga zakumwa zoledzeretsa pogwiritsira ntchito zipatso monga mphesa, zipatso za kanjedza, nkhuyu, maapozi ndi makangaza basi, koma ankagwiritsanso ntchito uchi.

Ndipo mawu akuti “chakumwa choledzeretsa” nthawi zina amatanthauzanso mowa wamasese. Mawu a Chiheberi amene anawamasulira kuti “chakumwa choledzeretsa” ndi ofanana ndi mawu a Chiakadi amene ankawagwiritsa ntchito ponena za mowa wamasese wa ku Mesopotamia wopangidwa kuchokera ku barele. Chakumwa chimenechi sichinali chaukali kwambiri koma munthu akamwa kwambiri ankatha kuledzera. (Miyambo 20:1) Kumanda akale a ku Iguputo anapezako mitsuko imene ankagwiritsira ntchito pofulula mowa. Ku Babulo, mowa unkamwedwa tsiku ndi tsiku kuyambira kunyumba zachifumu mpaka kunyumba za anthu osauka. Nawonso Afilisti ankaukonda mowa umenewu. M’madera ambiri a ku Palestina, akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale, anapeza zithunzi za makapu akuluakulu okhala ndi mabowo amene ankakhala ndi sefa. Masefa amenewa ankathandiza kuti munthu akamamwa mowawu asamwere limodzi ndi madeya a barele yemwe ankafululira mowawo.

Kodi n’chifukwa chiyani nthawi zina kuyenda panyanja kunali koopsa m’nthawi ya mtumwi Paulo?

▪ Nthawi ina, ngalawa imene mtumwi Paulo anakwera inatha nthawi yochuluka ikulephera kuwoloka nyanja kuti ilowere chakumadzulo podutsa mphepete mwa gombe la ku Asia Minor chifukwa cha mphepo yamkutho. Baibulo limanena kuti, panthawi ina “kuyenda panyanja . . . kunali koopsa chifukwa ngakhale nthawi ya kusala kudya kwa tsiku la mwambo wophimba machimo inali itadutsa kale.” Paulo anauza anthu amene anali nawo pa ulendowo kuti akayesa kupitiriza ulendowo awonongetsa “katundu ndi ngalawa, ngakhalenso miyoyo [yawo].”​—Machitidwe 27:4-10.

Kusala kudya kwa Tsiku la Mwambo Wophimba Machimo kunkachitika kumapeto kwa mwezi wa September kapena kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa October. Oyendetsa ngalawa a ku Roma ankadziwa kuti nthawi yabwino kuyenda panyanja inkayambira pa 27 May mpaka pa 14 September. Kuchokera pa 14 September kudzafika pa 11 November, ulendo wapanyanja unkakhala wokayikitsa kwambiri, ndipo kuchokera pa 11 November kudzafika pa 10 March, ulendo wapanyanja unali woopsa kwambiri. Zimene Paulo anakumana nazo zikusonyeza kuti nthawi zina kuyenda panyanja kunali koopsa chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwa nyengo. (Machitidwe 27:13-44) Oyenda panyanja ankatha kukumana ndi mphepo yamkuntho ndipo kuwongolera ngalawa kunkavuta kwambiri. Masana, mitambo inkaphimba dzuwa ndipo usiku, inkaphimba nyenyezi. Chifunga ndiponso mvula zinkalepheretsanso kuona patali ndiponso kuona zinthu zina zoopsa.

[Chithunzi patsamba 23]

Mabotolo a Mowa a ku Iguputo Opangidwa Ndi Mitengo Ankaoneka Chonchi

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Erich Lessing/​Art Resource, NY

[Chithunzi patsamba 23]

Ngalawa Yonyamula Katundu ya ku Roma. 100-200 C.E.

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Pictorial Archive (Near Eastern History) Est.