Ibitero byo kuri interineti

TEKEREZA ku itsinda ry’abagizi ba nabi b’abahanga mu gukoresha orudinateri, bifashisha interineti kugira ngo bakoreshe imiyoboro ya za orudinateri bigaruriye. Izo orudinateri bamaze kwigarurira, zigize zitya zohereza ubutumwa bwinshi bugizwe n’amagambo y’ibanga, bugamije kwangiza orudinateri ziri mu gihugu runaka. Mu minota mike gusa, imiyoboro ya interineti yo muri icyo gihugu ikoreshwa n’inzego za gisirikare, iz’ibigo by’imari n’iz’ubucuruzi, ihise ireka gukora. Imiyoboro ya telefoni n’ihuza imashini babikurizaho amafaranga na yo ihise ipfa. Indege zose zibujijwe kuguruka, kandi orudinateri z’uruganda rwa nikeleyeri ndetse n’imashini zarwo zose zikoreshwa mu kwirinda akaga, bihise bihagarara. Abantu bari bubyakire bate? Ni iki bari bukore? Wowe se wakora iki?

Ushobora kumva ko ibyo tumaze kuvuga ari amakabyankuru. Ariko dukurikije ibyavuzwe na Richard A. Clarke, wahoze ari umuhuzabikorwa w’Urwego Rushinzwe Umutekano, Kurinda Ibikorwa Remezo no Kurwanya Iterabwoba muri Amerika, ibintu nk’ibyo bishobora kubaho. N’ubundi kandi, ibikorwa nk’ibyo byo kugaba ibitero kuri za orudinateri ukoresheje interineti byabayeho. * Nawe bishobora kuba byarakubayeho.

Ubundi se abagaba ibyo bitero baba bagamije iki? Babigaba bate? None se ko ibyaha nk’ibyo bikorerwa kuri interineti byogeye, wabyirinda ute?

Uko ibyo bitero bigabwa

Abantu bagaba ibyo bitero kuri za orudinateri baba bafite impamvu zitandukanye. Urugero, ibyihebe cyangwa abayobozi b’ibihugu runaka, bashobora kugerageza kwinjira mu miyoboro ya za orudinateri z’abanzi babo, kugira ngo bibe amabanga, cyangwa batume ibikoresho biyobowe n’izo orudinateri bidakora neza. Mu mwaka wa 2010, uwungirije umunyamabanga wa leta muri Amerika ushinzwe ingabo ari we William J. Lynn III, yiyemereye ko “abagizi ba nabi” bo mu bindi bihugu bagiye bagaba ibitero ku miyoboro ya za orudinateri zibitse amabanga muri Amerika, bakinjiramo maze bakiba “inyandiko zibarirwa mu bihumbi . . . harimo iziriho amakuru agaragaza uko bakora intwaro, uburyo bwo kugaba ibitero n’amakuru ajyanye n’ubutasi.”​​—⁠Reba ingingo ivuga ngo  “Bimwe mu bitero biherutse kugabwa kuri za orudinateri.”

Ubwo ni na bwo buryo abagizi ba nabi bo kuri interineti bakoresha biba ibihangano by’abandi, cyangwa amakuru arebana n’umutungo bayavanye ku miyoboro ya za orudinateri z’ibigo runaka, cyangwa iz’abantu ku giti cyabo. Hari raporo zivuga ko abo batekamutwe binjiza amadolari abarirwa muri za miriyari buri mwaka, bayakesheje ubucuruzi bakorera kuri interineti butemewe n’amategeko.

Hari za orudinateri nyinshi abagizi ba nabi bigaruriye, bakazikoresha bagaba ibitero kuri interineti. Mu  mwaka wa 2009, hari ikigo gishinzwe kurinda umutekano kuri interineti cyatahuye itsinda ry’abagizi ba nabi, ryagenzuraga umuyoboro uhuza orudinateri zigera hafi kuri miriyoni ebyiri hirya no hino ku isi, inyinshi muri zo zikaba zari iz’abantu ku giti cyabo. Umuryango Mpuzamahanga w’Ubufatanye mu by’Ubukungu n’Iterambere (OECD) uherutse gusohora raporo ivuga ko ugereranyije, orudinateri imwe kuri eshatu ifite interineti iba igenzurwa n’umugizi wa nabi, yibereye kure. Byifashe bite se kuri orudinateri yawe? Ese haba hari umuntu uyigenzura utabizi?

Porogaramu zikora rwihishwa

Tekereza kuri ibi bikurikira: umugizi wa nabi yohereje porogaramu iteje akaga kuri interineti. Iyo iyo porogaramu yinjiye muri orudinateri yawe, ishakisha rwihishwa porogaramu irinda virusi. Iyo ibonye ahantu hari icyuho, ihita yinjira muri orudinateri yawe maze ikayogoga, igashakisha amakuru arimo y’ingirakamaro. * Iyo porogaramu iteje akaga, ishobora guhindura inyandiko isanze muri orudinateri cyangwa ikazisiba, igahita yiyohereza ku zindi orudinateri, cyangwa se ikoherereza wa mugizi wa nabi amagambo y’ibanga ukoresha, amakuru ahereranye n’umutungo wawe cyangwa andi mabanga.

Abo batekamutwe bo kuri interineti, bashobora no gukoresha amayeri, bagatuma wowe ubwawe winjiza virusi muri orudinateri yawe. Babigenza bate? Ushobora kwinjiza virusi muri orudinateri uramutse ufunguye inyandiko isa n’aho nta cyo itwaye iri kumwe n’ubutumwa wohererejwe kuri interineti, cyangwa ugafungura umuyoboro ubwo butumwa bugusaba gufungura. Nanone ushobora kwinjiza virusi mu gihe uvana porogaramu y’ubuntu kuri interineti uyishyira kuri orudinateri yawe, mu gihe ucomeka kuri orudinateri yawe ikindi kintu gifite virusi cyangwa mu gihe ufunguye umuyoboro wa interineti ukemangwa. Kimwe muri ibyo bikorwa gishobora gutuma winjiza muri orudinateri porogaramu iteje akaga, bigatuma umugizi wa nabi uri kure ayigarurira.

None se wabwirwa n’iki ko orudinateri yawe yagiyemo za virusi? Kubimenya ntibyoroshye. Ushobora kubibwirwa n’uko orudinateri yawe cyangwa interineti bikora buhoro cyane, cyangwa porogaramu zirimo ntizikore. Nanone ushobora kubona akadirishya kagusaba gushyira muri orudinateri yawe porogaramu runaka cyangwa se ikaba yakora mu buryo budasanzwe. Niba ubonye kimwe muri ibyo bimenyetso, ihutire gushaka umuntu umenyereye ibya orudinateri ayisuzume.

 ‘Itondere intambwe zawe’

Uko ibihugu cyangwa abantu ku giti cyabo bagenda barushaho gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rya orudinateri, ibitero byo kuri interineti bizagenda byiyongera. Ku bw’ibyo, ibihugu byinshi birimo biriga andi mayeri yo kurinda imiyoboro yabyo ya orudinateri, kandi hari ibirimo bikora imyitozo yo mu rwego rwo hejuru, kugira ngo birebe ko imiyoboro ya orudinateri zabyo yahangana n’ibyo bitero. Steven Chabinsky, umuyobozi wo mu rwego rwo hejuru w’ikigo cy’impuguke cyo muri Amerika gikora iperereza ku mutekano wa za orudinateri, yaravuze ati “mu gihe cyose abo batekamutwe bazaba bafite igihe gihagije n’amafaranga kandi bakaba barabyiyemeje, bazakomeza kwibasira imiyoboro ya orudinateri yose bifuza.”

None se wakora iki kugira ngo wirinde ibitero byo kuri interineti? Nubwo bidashoboka ko wagira umutekano usesuye mu gihe uri kuri interineti, ushobora gufata ingamba zo kurinda orudinateri yawe. (Reba ingingo ivuga ngo “Uko warinda orudinateri yawe .”) Bibiliya iravuga iti “umunyamakenga yitondera intambwe ze” (Imigani 14:​15). Iyo ni inama y’ingenzi mu gihe uri kuri interineti.

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Amagambo yatsindagirijwe yo ku ipaji ya 26]

Hari za orudinateri nyinshi abagizi ba nabi bigaruriye, bakazikoresha bagaba ibitero kuri interineti

[Amagambo yatsindagirijwe yo ku ipaji ya 27]

Umuryango wa OECD wavuze ko orudinateri imwe kuri eshatu ifite interineti, iba igenzurwa n’umugizi wa nabi

[Agasanduku ko ku ipaji ya 27]

 BIMWE MU BITERO BIHERUTSE KUGABWA KURI ZA ORUDINATERI

Mu mwaka wa 2003: Hari porogaramu ya orudinateri ikora nka virusi yashyizwe kuri interineti, maze ihita ikwirakwira muri orudinateri zigera ku 75.000 mu minota icumi. * Ibyo byatumye interineti ikora buhoro cyane, imiyoboro ya interineti irapfa, imashini zibikurizwaho amafaranga zirapfa, indege zibuzwa kuguruka, kandi orudinateri z’uruganda rwa nikeleyeri ndetse n’imashini zarwo zose zikoreshwa mu kwirinda akaga, zihita zihagarara.

Mu wa 2007: Abagizi ba nabi bagabye ibitero byikurikiranyije kuri orudinateri zo muri Esitoniya, ku buryo byagize ingaruka kuri leta, itangazamakuru n’amabanki. Ibyinshi muri ibyo bitero byaturukaga ku miyoboro ya za orudinateri abo bagizi ba nabi bari bigaruriye. Bakoresheje orudinateri zirenga miriyoni zo mu bihugu 75, maze bohereza muri icyo gihugu ubutumwa bwinshi cyane busa n’ubuturutse ahantu hizewe, bubasaba gutanga amakuru runaka.

Mu wa 2010: Hari porogaramu ya orudinateri ikoranywe ubuhanga ikora nka virusi, yibasiye orudinateri zigenzura uruganda rwa nikeleyeri rwo muri Irani.

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Agasanduku ko ku ipaji ya 28]

UKO WARINDA ORUDINATERI YAWE

1. Jya ushyira muri orudinateri yawe porogaramu zirwanya virusi, izitahura porogaramu z’intasi kandi ushyiremo porogaramu ibuza abantu kwinjira muri orudinateri yawe batabiherewe uburenganzira. Jya uhora ugenzura ko iyo porogaramu ndetse n’indi porogaramu y’ibanze ikoresha izindi, bifite uburyo bugezweho butuma zitibasirwa na za virusi.

2. Ujye wirinda guhita ufungura ubutumwa bukohereza ku yindi miyoboro, cyangwa inyandiko iri kumwe n’ubutumwa ubwo ari bwo bwose wohererejwe kuri interineti, kabone niyo bwaba buturutse ku ncuti zawe. Ujye uba maso mu gihe ubonye ubutumwa utazi aho buturutse, bugusaba gutanga amakuru ajyanye n’ubuzima bwawe bwite cyangwa ijambo ry’ibanga ukoresha.

3. Ntugakore kopi ya porogaramu utazi aho iturutse cyangwa ngo uyikoreshe.

4. Ujye ukoresha ijambo ry’ibanga rigizwe n’inyuguti nibura umunani, harimo imibare cyangwa ibindi bimenyetso. Hanyuma ujye urihindura buri gihe. Ntugakoreshe ijambo ry’ibanga rimwe ahantu hatandukanye.

5. Mu gihe ukorera imirimo y’ubucuruzi kuri interineti, ujye ukorana n’amasosiyete afite imiyoboro yo kuri interineti ifite umutekano. *

6. Ntugatange amakuru yawe y’ibanga cyangwa nomero za konti yawe mu gihe ukoresha interineti yohereza ubutumwa itabunyujije mu nsinga, kandi uri ahantu hari abantu benshi.

7. Jya uzimya orudinateri yawe mu gihe utayikoresha.

8. Buri gihe ujye ubika ibintu biri kuri orudinateri yawe ahandi hantu hizewe.

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 28]

Kora uko ushoboye wirinde mu gihe uri kuri interineti