Cyrille na Méthode​—Abahinduzi ba Bibiliya bahimbye inyuguti z’ururimi

“Abaturage b’igihugu cyacu barabatijwe ariko nta mwigisha dufite. Ntitwumva Ikigiriki cyangwa Ikilatini. . . . Ntidusobanukirwa ibimenyetso byanditswe cyangwa icyo bisobanura; ku bw’ibyo rero, nimutwoherereze abigisha bashobora kutumenyesha amagambo y’Ibyanditswe hamwe n’icyo asobanura.”​—Byavuzwe n’igikomangoma cya Moravie, Rostislav, mu mwaka wa 862 I.C.

MURI iki gihe, abantu basaga miriyoni 435 bavuga indimi zo mu muryango w’Igisilave, bashobora kubona ubuhinduzi bwa Bibiliya mu rurimi rwabo kavukire. * Muri abo, abagera kuri miriyoni 360 bakoresha inyuguti z’Igisirilike. Ariko kandi, mu binyejana 12 bishize, mu ndimi abasekuruza babo bavugaga, nta rurimi rwanditse rwabagaho cyangwa inyuguti zo kuzandika. Abantu bagize uruhare mu gukosora ibyo bintu bitwaga Cyrille na Méthode, bakaba baravaga inda imwe. Abantu bakunda Ijambo ry’Imana bazibonera ko imihati ihamye yo gushakashaka y’abo bavandimwe babiri ari intambwe y’ingenzi cyane mu mateka yo kurinda Bibiliya no kuyiteza imbere. Abo bagabo bari bantu ki, kandi se, ni izihe nzitizi bahuye na zo?

“Umuhanga mu bya Filozofiya” n’Umutegetsi

Cyrille (827-869 I.C., mbere witwaga Constantin) hamwe na Méthode (825-885 I.C.) bavukiye mu muryango w’ibikomerezwa i Tesalonike ho mu Bugiriki. I Tesalonike havugwaga indimi ebyiri; abaturage baho bavugaga Ikigiriki n’Igisilave. Kuba hari hari abantu benshi bavuga Igisilave hamwe n’imishyikirano ya bugufi yari hagati y’abaturage baho n’imiryango y’Abasilave yari ibakikije, bishobora kuba byaratumye Cyrille na Méthode babona uburyo bwo kumenya mu buryo bwimbitse ururimi rw’Abasilave bo mu majyepfo. Kandi umwanditsi umwe wanditse ibihereranye n’imibereho ya Méthode yanavuze ko nyina yakomokaga ku Basilave.

Cyrille amaze gupfusha se, yimukiye i Constantinople, umurwa mukuru w’Ubwami bwa Byzance. Agezeyo yize muri kaminuza y’i bwami kandi yifatanya n’abarimu b’ibirangirire. Yabaye umuyobozi w’inzu y’ibitabo yitwa Hagia Sophia, inzu y’idini ikomeye cyane kuruta andi yari i Burasirazuba, nyuma y’aho aza kuba umwarimu wa filozofiya. Mu by’ukuri, bitewe n’ibyo Cyrille yagezeho mu rwego rw’ubuhanga, yaje guhimbwa izina bamwita Umuhanga mu bya Filozofiya.

Hagati aho, Méthode we yakurikiye umwuga wa se​—ni ukuvuga ubutegetsi bwa politiki. Yaje kugera ku ntera ya archon (umutegetsi) w’intara yari ku mupaka wa Byzance, aho Abasilave benshi bari batuye. Ariko kandi, yagiye kwibera mu kigo cy’abihaye Imana cy’i Bithynia ho muri Aziya Ntoya. Nyuma y’aho, Cyrille yamusanzeyo mu mwaka wa 855 I.C.

Mu mwaka wa 860 I.C., umwepisikopi w’i Constantinople  yohereje abo bavandimwe babiri mu butumwa mu mahanga. Boherejwe mu baturage bitwaga Khazars, bakaba ari abaturage bari batuye mu majyaruguru y’uburasirazuba bw’Inyanja Yirabura, bari bagishidikanya ku birebana no guhitamo hagati ya Isilamu, Idini rya Kiyahudi n’Ubukristo. Mu gihe Cyrille yari mu nzira yerekezayo, yagumye i Chersonèse muri Crimée, amarayo igihe runaka. Intiti zimwe zitekereza ko aho ngaho ari ho yigiye Igiheburayo n’Igisamariya, maze agahindura ikibonezamvugo cy’Igiheburayo mu rurimi rw’abaturage ba Khazars.

Abo Muri Moravie Basaba Inkunga

Mu mwaka wa 862 I.C., Rostislav, igikomangoma cya Moravie (ubu ikaba igizwe n’agace k’uburasirazuba bwa Tchéquie, uburengerazuba bwa Silovakiya n’uburengerazuba bwa Hongiriya), yoherereje ubutumwa Umwami w’Abami wa Byzance Michael III amusaba ibyo twabonye muri paragarafu ya mbere​—ko yakohereza abigisha b’Ibyanditswe. Abaturage ba Moravie bavugaga Igisilave bari basanzwe baragejejweho inyigisho za kiliziya n’abamisiyonari bo mu bwami bw’i Burasirazuba bw’abitwa Francs (ubu ni u Budage na Otirishiya). Ariko kandi, Rostislav yari ahangayikishijwe n’ikibazo cy’uko Abadage bashakaga kubategeka mu bya politiki n’idini. Yari yiringiye ko kugirana n’ubutegetsi bw’i Constantinople umubano ushingiye ku idini byari kuzafasha igihugu cye gukomeza kwigenga mu bya politiki no mu rwego rw’idini.

Umwami w’abami yafashe umwanzuro wo kohereza Méthode na Cyrille muri Moravie. Mu birebana n’amashuri, uburere no mu bihereranye n’indimi, abo bavandimwe babiri bari bafite ibikwiriye byose kugira ngo bajye gusohoza ubwo butumwa. Umwanditsi w’ibyabaye mu mibereho y’abantu wo mu kinyejana cya cyenda atubwira ko igihe umwami w’abami yabateraga inkunga yo kujya muri Moravie, yababwiye ati “mwembi muvuka i Tesalonike kandi Abatesalonike bose bavuga Igisilave gisukuye.”

Havuka Inyuguti n’Ubuhinduzi bwa Bibiliya

Mu mezi yabanjirije igihe bagombaga kugendera, Cyrille yiteguye ubutumwa bari bagiye kujyamo ahimba umukono w’inyandiko igenewe Abasilave. Abantu bavuze ko yari afite ubushobozi buhambaye bwo kumva amajwi. Bityo, yakoresheje inyuguti z’Ikigiriki n’Igiheburayo, maze buri jwi rivugwa mu Gisilave akagenda agerageza kuribonera inyuguti yaryo. * Abashakashatsi bamwe na bamwe batekereza ko yari yaramaze imyaka myinshi ashyiraho urufatiro rwo guhimba izo nyuguti. Nanone kandi, haracyariho urujijo ku birebana n’imiterere nyayo y’inyuguti Cyrille yahimbye.​—Reba agasanduku gafite umutwe uvuga ngo “Mbese, Ni Igisirilike, Cyangwa Ni Ikiglagolitike?”

Muri icyo gihe nanone, Cyrille yatangiye porogaramu yihuse yo guhindura Bibiliya. Dukurikije uko  abantu babivuze, yatangiye afata interuro ya mbere y’Ivanjiri ya Yohana mu Kigiriki ayihindura mu Gisilave akoresheje inyuguti yari amaze guhimba, interuro igira iti “mbere na mbere hariho Jambo . . . ” Cyrille yakomeje ahindura Amavanjiri ane, inzandiko za Pawulo n’igitabo cya Zaburi.

Mbese, yakoraga wenyine? Birashoboka cyane ko Méthode yaba yaragize uruhare rugaragara muri uwo murimo. Byongeye kandi, igitabo The Cambridge Medieval History kigira kiti “bisa n’aho bishoboka cyane ko [Cyrille] yari afite abandi bantu bamufashaga, bakaba bashobora kuba mbere na mbere bari ba kavukire b’Abasilave bize Ikigiriki. Turamutse dusuzumye ubuhinduzi bwa kera cyane, . . . tubona igihamya gihebuje cy’ukuntu ururimi rw’Igisilave rwakoreshejwe rwari ruhanitse cyane, bikaba bigomba kuba byaraturutse ku bantu bafatanyaga na we bari Abasilave kavukire.” Igice gisigaye cya Bibiliya cyahinduwe na Méthode, nk’uko turi bubibone.

“Nk’Ibyiyoni Bisumira Sakabaka”

Mu mwaka wa 863 I.C., Cyrille na Méthode batangiriye umurimo wabo muri Moravie, aho bahawe ikaze mu buryo burangwa n’igishyuhirane. Umurimo wabo wari ukubiyemo kwigisha itsinda ry’abantu bo muri ako karere inyuguti z’Igisilave zari zimaze guhimbwa, batibagiwe no guhindura Bibiliya hamwe n’inyandiko za liturujiya.

Icyakora, si ko byose byari byoroshye. Abapadiri bo mu bwoko bwa Francs bari bari muri Moravie barwanyije ibyo gukoresha Igisilave babigiranye ubukana bwinshi. Bari bakomeye ku ihame ryo gukoresha indimi eshatu gusa, bemeza ko Ikilatini, Ikigiriki n’Igiheburayo ari zo ndimi zonyine zari zemerewe gukoreshwa mu gusenga. Kubera ko abo bavandimwe bari biringiye ko papa azabashyigikira bitewe n’uburyo bushya bwo kwandika urwo rurimi bari bamaze guhimba, bakoze urugendo bajya i Roma mu mwaka wa 867 I.C.

Mu gihe bari bakiri mu nzira, bageze i Venice, Cyrille na Méthode bahuye n’irindi tsinda ry’abapadiri bavuga ururimi rw’Ikilatini bakomeye ku ndimi eshatu. Umwanditsi w’ibyabaye mu mibereho ya Cyrille wo mu gihe rwagati, atubwira ko abepisikopi, abapadiri n’abihaye Imana bo muri ako karere bahise bamusamira hejuru bameze “nk’ibyiyoni bisumira sakabaka.” Dukurikije uko iyo nkuru ivuga, Cyrille yabashubije abasomera mu 1 Abakorinto 14:8, 9 hagira hati “kandi n’impanda na yo ivuze ijwi ritamenyekana, ni nde wakwitegura gutabara? Namwe ni uko, ururimi rwanyu nirutavuga ibimenyekana, bazabwirwa n’iki ibyo muvuga ibyo ari byo? [K]o muzaba mugosorera mu rucaca.”

Igihe amaherezo abo bavandimwe bageraga i Roma, Papa Adiriyani wa II yabemereye mu buryo bwuzuye ko bakoresha Igisilave. Nyuma y’amezi make, mu gihe bari bakiri i Roma, Cyrille yararwaye araremba. Mu gihe kitageze ku mezi abiri nyuma y’aho, yapfuye afite imyaka 42.

Papa Adiriyani wa II yateye Méthode inkunga yo gusubira gukorera muri Moravie, agakorera hafi y’umujyi wa Nitra muri Silovakiya y’ubu. Kubera ko papa yifuzaga gushimangira ububasha bwe muri ako karere, yamuhaye inzandiko zimwemerera gukoresha Igisilave kandi amugira arikiyepisikopi. Icyakora, mu mwaka wa 870 I.C., umwepisikopi wo mu bwoko bwa Francs witwaga Hermanrich yafungishije Méthode, abifashijwemo n’igikomangoma Svatopluk cy’i Nitra. Yamaze imyaka ibiri n’igice afungiwe mu kigo cy’abihaye Imana cyari kiri mu majyepfo y’uburasirazuba bw’u Budage. Amaherezo, uwasimbuye Adiriyani wa II, ari we Papa Yohani wa VIII, yategetse ko Méthode afungurwa, yongera kumushyira muri diyosezi ye, kandi yongera kwemeza ko ubupapa bushyigikiye ko Igisilave gikoreshwa mu gusenga.

Ariko kandi, yakomeje kurwanywa n’abakuru b’idini bo mu bwoko bwa Francs. Méthode yashoboye kwiregura neza ku birego bari bamushinje byavugaga ko yari afite inyigisho zinyuranya n’iza kiliziya, kandi amaherezo yaje kubona ibaruwa ivuye kwa Papa Yohani wa VIII iriho ikimenyetso cye, yamwemereraga ku mugaragaro gukoresha Igisilave mu kiliziya. Nk’uko papa uriho ubu Yohani Pawulo wa II yabyiyemereye, Méthode mu buzima bwe yabayeho “ari mu ngendo, mu bukene, mu mibabaro, mu kurwanywa no gutotezwa, . . . ndetse amara igihe runaka afunzwe mu buryo burangwa n’ubugome.” Igisekeje ariko, ni uko ibyo byose yabikorerwaga n’abepisikopi n’ibikomangoma byari bibanye neza na Roma.

Bibiliya Yose Ihindurwa

N’ubwo Méthode yakomeje kurwanywa, yarangije guhindura igice cyari gisigaye cya Bibiliya mu Gisilave abifashijwemo n’abanditsi benshi bandikaga mu buryo buhinnye. Dukurikije uko abantu babivuga, uwo murimo ukomeye yawurangije mu mezi umunani gusa. Icyakora, ntiyahinduye ibitabo bitemewe ku rutonde rwa Bibiliya by’Abamakabe.

Muri iki gihe, kumenya neza uko ubuhinduzi bwakozwe na Cyrille na Méthode bwari bumeze, ntibyoroshye.  Kopi nke gusa z’inyandiko zandikishijwe intoki z’ahagana mu gihe ubuhinduzi bwa mbere bwakorewe ni zo zikiriho. Binyuriye mu gusuzuma izo nyandiko za mbere zidakunze kuboneka, abahanga mu by’indimi babona ko ubwo buhinduzi bwagushaga ku ngingo kandi ko bwakoreshaga imvugo y’umwimerere. Igitabo cyitwa Our Slavic Bible kivuga ko abo bavandimwe babiri “byabaye ngombwa ko bahimba amagambo menshi mashya hamwe n’imvugo nshya . . . Kandi ibyo byose babikoze mu buryo buhambaye nta gutandukira, [kandi] batumye Igisilave kigira amagambo menshi kurusha mbere hose.”

Umurage Uhoraho

Nyuma y’aho Méthode apfiriye mu mwaka wa 885 I.C., abigishwa be birukanywe muri Moravie n’ababarwanyaga bo mu bwoko bwa Francs. Bahungiye muri Bohême, mu majyepfo ya Polonye no muri Bulugariya. Muri ubwo buryo, umurimo wa Cyrille na Méthode warakomeje kandi mu by’ukuri urakwirakwira. Ururimi rw’Igisilave, urwo abo bavandimwe babiri bahaye uburyo bwo kwandikwa buhamye kurushaho, rwarasagambye, rutera imbere kandi nyuma y’aho ruza kubamo indimi nyinshi zinyuranye. Muri iki gihe, indimi zo mu muryango w’Igisilave zikubiyemo indimi 13 zitandukanye, n’indimi nyinshi zishamikiye ku zindi.

Byongeye kandi, imihati irangwa n’ubushizi bw’amanga Cyrille na Méthode bashyizeho, kugira ngo bahindure Bibiliya, yeze imbuto mu buhinduzi bw’Igisilave bunyuranye bw’Ibyanditswe buboneka muri iki gihe. Abantu babarirwa muri za miriyoni bavuga izo ndimi bungukirwa no kuba bafite Ijambo ry’Imana mu rurimi rwabo kavukire. N’ubwo barwanyijwe cyane, mbega ukuntu aya magambo ari ukuri, amagambo agira ati “Ijambo ry’Imana yacu rizahoraho iteka ryose.”!​—Yesaya 40:8.

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Agasanduku ko ku ipaji ya 29]

Mbese, Ni Igisirilike Cyangwa Ni Ikigalagolitike?

Imiterere y’inyuguti Cyrille yahimbye yatumye habaho impaka nyinshi, kubera ko abahanga mu by’indimi batazi neza izo nyuguti yahimbye izo ari zo. Inyuguti zitwa Igisirilike, zishingiye neza neza ku nyuguti z’Ikigiriki, hamwe n’inyuguti nibura nka cumi n’ebyiri z’inyongera zahimbwe kugira ngo zigaragaze amajwi y’Igisilave ataboneka mu Kigiriki. Ariko kandi, zimwe mu nyandiko za kera zandikishijwe intoki z’Igisilave, zikoresha inyuguti zitandukanye cyane, zitwa Ikiglagolitike, kandi izo nyuguti ni zo intiti nyinshi zitekereza ko Cyrille yahimbye. Inyuguti nke z’Ikiglagolitike zisa n’aho zikomoka ku Kigiriki cyangwa Igiheburayo cy’umukono. Inyuguti zimwe zishobora kuba zarakomotse ku buryo bwo kwandika amasaku bwo mu gihe rwagati, ariko inyinshi muri zo usanga ari umwimerere kandi zarahimbwe mu buryo buhambaye. Ikiglagolitike gisa n’aho gitandukanye mu rwego rwo hejuru kandi kikaba ari umwimerere. Icyakora, inyuguti z’Igisirilike ni zo zabyaye inyuguti z’Ikirusiya cy’ubu, ururimi rwo muri Ukraine, Igiseribe, ururimi rukoreshwa muri Bulugariya n’urukoreshwa muri Macédoine, hamwe n’izindi ndimi 22, zimwe muri zo zikaba atari izo mu muryango w’Igisilave.

[Artwork​—Cyrillic and Glagolitic characters]

[Ikarita yo ku ipaji ya 31]

(Niba wifuza kureba uko bimeze, reba mu Munara w’Umurinzi)

Inyanja ya Baltique

(Polonye)

Bohême (Tchéquie)

Moravie (Tchéquie y’i Burasirazuba, Silovakiya na Hongiriya z’i Burengerazuba.)

Nitra

UBWAMI BWA FRANCS BW’I BURASIRAZUBA (U Budage & Otirishiya)

U BUTALIYANI

Venice

Roma

Inyanja ya Mediterane

BULUGARIYA

U BUGIRIKI

Tesalonike

(Crimée)

Inyanja Yirabura

Bithynie

Constantinople (Istanbul)

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 31]

Bibiliya y’Igisilave yanditswe mu nyuguti z’Igisirilike mu mwaka wa 1581

[Aho ifoto yavuye]

Bibiliya: Narodna in univerzitetna knjiz̆nica-Slovenija-Ljubljana