Ibibumbano bya kera byemeza ibyo Bibiliya ivuga

BIBILIYA ni Ijambo ry’Imana ryahumetswe (2 Timoteyo 3:16). Ibyo ivuga ku bihereranye n’abantu, ahantu, idini na politiki byo mu gihe cya kera ni ukuri. Nubwo kuba Ibyanditswe bivuga ukuri bidashingiye ku byataburuwe mu matongo, ibyo bintu bivumburwa bituma dusobanukirwa neza ibyo Bibiliya ivuga.

Ibyinshi mu bintu byavumbuwe n’abashakashatsi mu byataburuwe mu matongo igihe bacukuraga mu matongo ya kera, bikubiyemo ibibumbano byanditseho cyangwa se ibintu byamenetse bikozwe mu ibumba. Ibibumbano nk’ibyo byandikwagaho byari ibikoresho bidahenze mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati, mu Misiri no muri Mezopotamiya. Byakoreshwaga mu kugirana amasezerano yanditse, mu ibaruramari, mu bucuruzi no mu bindi, nk’uko muri iki gihe bakoresha impapuro zo mu makayi. Muri rusange, ibyo bibumbano byandikwagaho hakoreshejwe wino, bikaba byarashoboraga kwandikwaho ijambo rimwe cyangwa amagambo menshi yanditse mu bika.

Ubucukumbuzi mu byataburuwe mu matongo yo muri Isirayeli bwagaragaje ibibumbano byinshi byanditseho, byariho mu bihe bya Bibiliya. Ibibumbano byo mu duce dutatu two mu kinyejana cya karindwi n’icya munani Mbere ya Yesu, birashishikaje mu buryo bwihariye kubera ko bihamya ibintu bitandukanye by’amateka ya Bibiliya. Ibyo bibumbano ni iby’i Samariya, muri Arada, n’i Lakishi. Nimucyo dusuzume ibibumbano bya buri gace.

Ibibumbano byanditseho byavumbuwe i Samariya

Samariya yari umurwa mukuru w’ubwami bw’amajyaruguru bwa Isirayeli bwari bugizwe n’imiryango icumi, kugeza igihe uwo mugi waje gufatirwa n’Abashuri mu mwaka wa 740 Mbere ya Yesu. Ku bihereranye n’inkomoko y’izina ry’umudugudu cyangwa umugi wa Samariya, mu 1 Abami 16:23, 24 hagira hati “mu mwaka wa mirongo itatu n’umwe [947 Mbere ya Yesu] Asa umwami w’Abayuda ari ku ngoma, Omuri yimye muri Isirayeli. . . . Bukeye agura na Shemeri umusozi w’i Samariya, atanga italanto ebyiri z’ifeza yubaka kuri uwo musozi. Umudugudu yubatse awita Samariya.” Uwo mugi wari ukiriho kugeza mu gihe cy’Abaroma, ubwo izina ryawo ryahindukaga ukitwa Sebaste. Amaherezo waje gusenyuka mu kinyejana cya gatandatu Nyuma ya Yesu.

Mu gihe itsinda ry’abashakashatsi ku byataburuwe mu matongo ryacukuraga muri Samariya ya kera mu mwaka wa 1910, ryabonye ibibumbano byanditseho, bivugwaho kuba ari ibyo mu kinyejana cya munani Mbere ya Yesu. Ibyo bibumbano byariho inyandiko ivuga uko amavuta na vino byageraga i Samariya bivuye mu duce dutandukanye twari hafi y’aho. Hari igitabo cyagize icyo kivuga ku bihereranye n’ibyo bibumbano byanditseho byavumbuwe kigira kiti “ibibumbano 63 byavumbuwe mu mwaka wa 1910 . . . bibonwa ko ari byo bintu byanditseho bifite agaciro kurusha ibindi biriho byo muri Isirayeli ya kera. Ako gaciro k’ibyo bibumbano byanditseho byataburuwe i Samariya ntigaturuka ku cyari kigambiriwe kwandikwa, . . . ahubwo gaturuka ku kuntu ibyo bibumbano bivuga mu buryo burambuye amazina y’abantu bo muri Isirayeli, amazina y’imiryango ndetse n’ay’ahantu” (Ancient Inscriptions—Voices From the Biblical). Ni gute ayo mazina yemeza mu buryo burambuye inyandiko ya Bibiliya?

Igihe Abisirayeli bigaruriraga Igihugu cy’Isezerano bakacyigabanya bakurikije uko imiryango yabo iri, agace ka Samariya kari gaherereye mu gace kahawe umuryango wa Manase. Dukurikije ibivugwa muri Yosuwa 17:1-6, imiryango icumi ya Manase yari yarahawe imigabane muri ako  gace binyuze ku mwuzukuru we Gileyadi. Abahawe imigabane bari Abiyezeri, Heleki, Asiriyeli, Shekemu na Shemida. Heferi, umuhungu wa gatandatu wa Gileyadi, ntiyari afite abuzukuru b’abahungu, ariko yari afite abakobwa batandatu, ari bo Mahila, Nowa, Hogila, Miluka na Tirusa, kandi buri wese muri bo yabonye umugabane.—Kubara 27:1-7.

Ibibumbano byanditseho byataburuwe i Samariya byabitse amazina arindwi y’iyo miryango, ari yo mazina atanu y’abahungu ba Gileyadi n’andi abiri y’abakobwa bari abuzukuru ba Heferi ari bo Hogila na Nowa. Hari igitabo cyagize kiti “amazina y’imiryango yabonetse ku bibumbano byataburuwe i Samariya agaragaza ibimenyetso by’inyongera bihamya ko umuryango wa Manase watuye mu gace Bibiliya ivuga ko watuyemo” (NIV Archaeological Study Bible). Bityo, ayo mazina y’imiryango yabaye ikintu kivugwa muri Bibiliya kigize amateka ya Isirayeli cyemejwe n’ibyo bibumbano.

Nanone, ibibumbano byanditseho byavumbuwe i Samariya bishyigikira ibyo Bibiliya ivuga ku mimerere yo mu rwego rw’idini y’Abisirayeli. Mu gihe umwandiko wo kuri ibyo bibumbano wandikwaga, Abisirayeli bari baravanze ibyo gusenga Yehova no gusenga Baali, imana y’Abanyakanani. Ubuhanuzi bwa Hoseya na bwo bwanditswe mu kinyejana cya munani Mbere ya Yesu, bwari bwaravuze mbere igihe Isirayeli yari kwihana ikita Yehova ‘umugabo wayo’ ntiyongere kumwita “Bāli” cyangwa ‘databuja’ (Hoseya 2:18, 19). Amazina y’abantu yabonetse kuri ibyo bibumbano byanditseho by’i Samariya yasobanuraga ngo “Bāli ni data,” “Bāli araririmba,” “Bāli arakomeye,” “Bāli aribuka,” n’andi asa n’ayo. Ku mazina 11 y’abantu yagaragaragamo inyuguti runaka z’izina Yehova, harimo 7 yagaragaragamo inyuguti zifitanye isano n’izina “Bāli.”

Ibibumbano byanditseho byavumbuwe muri Arada

Arada ni umugi wa kera wari uherereye mu gace ka Negebu kajya kuba ubutayu, gaherereye mu majyepfo ya Yerusalemu. Ubucukumbuzi mu byataburuwe mu matongo ya Arada bwagaragaje ibihome bitandatu byo muri Isirayeli byari bikurikiranye, byariho kuva ku ngoma ya Salomo (1037-998 Mbere ya Yesu) kugeza igihe Yerusalemu yasenyewe n’Abanyababuloni mu mwaka wa 607 Mbere ya Yesu. Abacukumbuzi b’ibyataburuwe mu matongo bavumbuye muri Arada ibibumbano byo mu bihe bya Bibiliya byinshi biri hamwe. Hari harimo ibisaga 200 byariho inyandiko zanditse mu Giheburayo, Icyarameyi no mu zindi ndimi.

Bimwe mu bibumbano byavumbuwe muri Arada byemeza inkuru iboneka muri Bibiliya ivuga iby’imiryango y’abatambyi. Urugero, kimwe mu bibumbano kivuga iby’“abahungu ba Kōra” bavugwa mu Kuva 6:24 no mu Kubara 26:11. Amagambo abimburira Zaburi ya 42, 44-49, 84, 85, 87 n’iya 88, avuga by’umwihariko ko ari iz’“abahungu ba Kōra.” Indi miryango y’abatambyi iboneka ku bibumbano byo muri Arada ni iya Pashuri na Meremoti.—1 Ibyo ku Ngoma 9:12; Ezira 8:33.

Nimucyo dusuzume urundi rugero. Mu matongo y’igihome kimwe cyo mu gihe cya mbere gato y’uko Abanyababuloni barimbura Yerusalemu, abacukumbuzi bavumbuyemo ikibumbano cyanditseho ibaruwa yari yohererejwe umutware w’abarinzi b’icyo gihome. Dukurikije igitabo kimwe, iyo baruwa yarimo amagambo agira ati “kuri Databuja Eliyashibu, Yahweh [Yehova] akomeze kwita ku mibereho yawe aguhe amahoro. . . . Ku bihereranye n’ibyo mwantegetse gukora, ibintu biragenda neza ubu: [we] ari mu rusengero rwa Yahweh” (The Context of Scripture). Intiti nyinshi zitekereza ko urusengero ruvugwa hano  ari urw’i Yerusalemu, rwubatswe bwa mbere mu gihe cya Salomo.

Ibibumbano byanditseho byavumbuwe i Lakishi

Lakishi yari umugi wa kera ugoswe n’inkike, yari iherereye ku birometero 43 mu majyepfo y’uburengerazuba bwa Yerusalemu. Mu bucukumbuzi bwakozwe mu mwaka wa 1930, habonetse ibibumbano byinshi byanditseho, kandi ibigera kuri 12 byariho amabaruwa avugwaho ko “ari ingenzi cyane . . . kubera ko yasobanuraga ibintu bya politiki n’imivurungano yabaye i Yudaya, igihe biteguraga igitero simusiga cya Nebukadinezari [Umwami wa Babuloni].”

Ay’ingenzi cyane muri ayo mabaruwa ni ayo umutware wungirije yandikiranaga na Yowasi, ushobora kuba ari we wari umugaba w’ingabo z’i Lakishi. Imvugo yakoreshejwe muri ayo mabaruwa imeze nk’iyakoreshejwe n’umuhanuzi Yeremiya wariho muri icyo gihe. Reka dusuzume uko amabaruwa abiri muri ayo ashyigikira uburyo Bibiliya igaragaza iby’icyo gihe cyari kigoranye cyane.

Muri Yeremiya 34:7, uwo muhanuzi avuga iby’‘igihe ingabo z’umwami w’i Babuloni zarwanyaga Yerusalemu, n’imidugudu y’u Buyuda yose yari yasigaye y’i Lakishi na Azeka, kuko ari yo yari yasigaye yo mu midugudu y’ibihome y’i Buyuda.’ Umwanditsi w’imwe mu mabaruwa y’i Lakishi asa n’uwavuze ibintu bimeze nk’ibyo. Yaranditse ati “turasuzumana ubwitonzi ibimenyetso bigizwe n’inkongi [y’umuriro] biturutse i Lakishi . . . , kuko tudashobora kubona Azeka.” Intiti nyinshi zemera ko ibyo bigaragaza ko Azeka yari yaguye mu maboko y’Abanyababuloni kandi ko Lakishi ari yo yari itahiwe. Ibintu bishishikaje bivugwa muri iyo nyandiko ni “ibimenyetso bigizwe n’inkongi y’umuriro.” Muri Yeremiya 6:1 (gereranya na NW), na ho hagaragaza ko ubwo buryo bwakoreshwaga kugira ngo abantu bashobore gushyikirana.

Indi baruwa yavumbuwe i Lakishi, abantu bavuga ko ishobora kuba ishyigikira ibyo abahanuzi Yeremiya na Ezekiyeli bavuze ku bihereranye n’imihati umwami w’u Buyuda yashyizeho kugira ngo Egiputa imufashe, igihe uwo mwami yigomekaga kuri Babuloni (Yeremiya 37:5-8; 46:25, 26; Ezekiyeli 17:15-17). Iyo baruwa y’i Lakishi igira iti “ubu, umugaragu wawe nabonye ubutumwa bukurikira: Jenerali Konyahu mwene Elinatani yerekeje mu majyepfo kugira ngo yinjire muri Egiputa.” Muri rusange, intiti zasobanuye ko icyo gikorwa kigaragaza imihati yashyizweho yo gushakira inkunga ya gisirikare muri Egiputa.

Ibibumbano byanditseho byavumbuwe i Lakishi binavuga amazina menshi aboneka mu gitabo cya Yeremiya. Ayo mazina ni Neriya, Yazaniya, Gemariya, Elunatani na Hoshaya (Yeremiya 32:12; 35:3; 36:10, 12; 42:1). Niba ba nyiri ayo mazina ari na bo bavugwa muri Yeremiya, nta wabihamya adashidikanya. Icyakora, birashishikaje kuba ayo mazina asa n’ari mu gitabo cya Yeremiya, na we wabayeho muri icyo gihe.

Icyo ibyo bibumbano bihuriyeho

Ibibumbano byanditseho byo muri Samariya, Arada n’iby’i Lakishi bihamya ibintu byinshi bivugwa muri Bibiliya. Muri ibyo hakubiyemo amazina y’imiryango, ay’ahantu, n’ibintu bifitanye isano n’idini na politiki byo muri icyo gihe. Hari ikintu cy’ingenzi kimwe rero ibyo bibumbano by’aho hantu uko ari hatatu bihuriyeho.

Amabaruwa yavumbuwe ku bibumbano byo muri Arada n’iby’i Lakishi ahurira ku nteruro zigira ziti “Yehova akomeze abahe amahoro.” Mu mabaruwa 7 yo ku bibumbano by’i Lakishi, Izina ry’Imana rigaragaramo incuro zigera kuri 11. Ikindi kandi, amazina menshi y’abantu yo mu Giheburayo agaragara kuri ibyo bibumbano byataburuwe aho hantu hatatu, agaragaramo impine y’izina ry’Imana ari ryo Yehova. Ku bw’ibyo, ibyo bibumbano bihamya ko Abisirayeli bo muri icyo gihe bakundaga gukoresha izina ry’Imana.

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 13]

Ikibumbano cyataburuwe mu matongo ya Arada cyariho ibaruwa yohererejwe umugabo witwaga Eliyashibu

[Aho ifoto yavuye]

Photograph © Israel Museum, Jerusalem; courtesy of Israel Antiquities Authority

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 14]

Ibaruwa yavumbuwe i Lakishi igaragaramo izina ry’Imana

[Aho ifoto yavuye]

Photograph taken by courtesy of the British Museum