Uko wahitamo Bibiliya ihinduye neza

IGIHE Bibiliya yandikwaga, yanditswe mu Giheburayo, Icyarameyi n’Ikigiriki, izo ndimi zikaba zarakoreshwaga kera. Bityo rero, abenshi mu bantu bifuza kuyisoma bakoresha umwandiko wayo wahinduwe mu zindi ndimi.

Muri iki gihe, Bibiliya ni cyo gitabo cyahinduwe mu ndimi nyinshi kurusha ibindi ku isi, ibice byayo bikaba biboneka mu ndimi zisaga 2.400. Hari n’aho usanga mu rurimi rumwe bafite Bibiliya nyinshi zihinduye mu buryo butandukanye. Niba mu rurimi rwanyu mufite Bibiliya zihinduye mu buryo butandukanye, nta gushidikanya ko wifuza gukoresha Bibiliya ihinduye neza kurusha izindi.

Kugira ngo uhitemo Bibiliya ihinduye neza, ni ngombwa ko umenya ibisubizo by’ibi bibazo: ni ubuhe buryo butandukanye bwo guhindura Bibiliya? Ibyiza n’ibibi bya buri buryo ni ibihe? Kuki twagombye kwitonda mu gihe dusoma Bibiliya zimwe na zimwe?

Bibiliya yahinduwe mu buryo butandukanye

Bibiliya yahinduwe mu buryo bwinshi, ariko twabushyira mu bice bitatu by’ingenzi. Ku ruhande rumwe, hari Bibiliya zirimo indimi ebyiri. Izo Bibiliya ziba zirimo umwandiko w’umwimerere, uherekejwe n’umwandiko wahinduwe mu rundi rurimi ijambo ku rindi.

Ku rundi ruhande, hari Bibiliya zahinduwe mu mvugo itandukanye n’iyakoreshejwe mu mwandiko w’umwimerere. Abahindura Bibiliya muri ubwo buryo, basubiramo ubutumwa bwa Bibiliya mu yabo magambo bakurikije uko babyumva, bakabikora mu buryo bumva ko buzashishikaza abasomyi.

Igice cya gatatu gikubiyemo Bibiliya zahinduwe mu buryo bushyize mu gaciro, budafite aho bubogamiye kuri ibyo bice byombi twavuze. Abahinduzi b’izo Bibiliya bihatira kumvikanisha igitekerezo n’uburyohe biboneka mu magambo yakoreshejwe  mu rurimi rw’umwimerere, ari na ko bihatira gutuma umwandiko bahinduye worohera abasomyi.

Ese Bibiliya zahinduwe ijambo ku ijambo ni zo nziza kurusha izindi?

Guhindura umwandiko ijambo ku rindi si ko buri gihe biba ari bwo buryo buruta ubundi bwo kumvikanisha igitekerezo gikubiye muri buri murongo wa Bibiliya. Kuki twavuga dutyo? Hari impamvu nyinshi, ariko reka dufatemo ebyiri.

1. Nta ndimi ebyiri zishobora guhuza neza neza ikibonezamvugo, amagambo n’imyubakire y’interuro. Umwarimu wigisha Igiheburayo witwa S. R. Driver yavuze ko indimi “zidatandukanira ku kibonezamvugo no ku magambo gusa, ko ahubwo zinatandukanira . . . ku buryo bwo gukurikiranya ibitekerezo mu nteruro.” Abantu bavuga indimi zitandukanye batekereza mu buryo butandukanye. Porofeseri Driver yongeyeho ati “kubera iyo mpamvu, iyo indimi zitandukanye, n’imiterere y’interuro iratandukana.”

Kubera ko nta rurimi rufite amagambo n’ikibonezamvugo bimeze neza neza nk’ibyo mu rurimi rw’Igiheburayo n’urw’Ikigiriki zakoreshejwe muri Bibiliya, Bibiliya ihinduye ijambo ku rindi ishobora kutumvikanisha neza igitekerezo cyangwa ikazanamo igitekerezo kitari cyo. Reka dusuzume ingero zikurikira.

Mu ibaruwa intumwa Pawulo yandikiye Abefeso, yakoresheje amagambo ahindurwa ngo “mu tuntu dufite ishusho ya mpandesheshatu tw’abantu,” iyo ahinduwe ijambo ku rindi (Abefeso 4:14, The Kingdom Interlinear Translation of the Greek Scriptures). * Iyo mvugo yerekeza ku gikorwa cyo kuriganya abandi ukoresheje utuntu dufite ishusho ya mpandesheshatu. Ariko kandi, mu ndimi nyinshi, iyo uhinduye ayo magambo ijambo ku rindi, igitekerezo nticyumvikana. Guhindura ayo magambo uvuga ngo ‘uburyarya bw’abantu,’ ni bwo buryo bwumvikanisha neza igitekerezo.

Igihe Pawulo yandikiraga Abaroma, yakoresheje amagambo y’Ikigiriki ahindurwa ijambo ku rindi ngo “ku mwuka mubire” (Abaroma 12:11, Kingdom Interlinear). Ese hari icyo ayo magambo avuze mu rurimi rwanyu? Mu by’ukuri, iyo mvugo isobanura ngo “mugire ishyaka ryinshi mutewe n’umwuka.”

Muri imwe muri disikuru zizwi cyane Yesu yatanze, yakoresheje amagambo akunze guhindurwa ngo “hahirwa abakene mu mwuka” (Matayo 5:3). Ariko kandi, iyo ayo magambo ahinduwe ijambo ku rindi, mu ndimi nyinshi ntibyumvikana neza. Hari n’aho uhindura ayo magambo ijambo ku rindi, bikumvikanisha ko “abakene mu mwuka”  bafite ikibazo cyo mu mutwe, cyangwa ko batagira imbaraga n’umuco wo kwiyemeza. Icyakora, aha ngaha Yesu yashakaga kwigisha abantu ko ibyishimo byabo bitari bishingiye ku kubona ibyo bakeneye mu buryo bw’umubiri, ko ahubwo byari bishingiye ku kumenya ko bakeneye ubuyobozi buturuka ku Mana (Luka 6:20). Ku bw’ibyo rero, Bibiliya zikoresha imvugo ngo “abazi ko bakeneye ibintu byo mu buryo bw’umwuka” cyangwa ngo “abazi ko bakeneye Imana,” ni zo zumvikanisha neza igitekerezo gikubiye muri ayo magambo.—Matayo 5:3; The New Testament in Modern English.

2. Ibisobanuro by’ijambo cyangwa itsinda ry’amagambo bishobora guhinduka bitewe n’aho ryakoreshejwe. Urugero, ubusanzwe ijambo ry’Igiheburayo ryerekeza ku kuboko k’umuntu, rishobora kugira ibisobanuro byinshi. Bitewe n’aho iryo jambo ryakoreshejwe, rishobora guhindurwa ngo ‘gutwara,’ ‘ubuntu’ cyangwa “imbaraga” (1 Ibyo ku Ngoma 25:2; 1 Abami 10:13; Yesaya 57:10). Mu by’ukuri, iryo jambo ryahinduwe mu buryo butandukanye burenga 40 muri Bibiliya yitwa Ubuhinduzi bw’Isi Nshya bw’Ibyanditswe Byera, mu Cyongereza.

 Kubera ko ijambo rishobora guhindurwa mu buryo butandukanye bitewe n’aho ryakoreshejwe, Bibiliya yitwa Ubuhinduzi bw’Isi Nshya ikoresha amagambo agera ku 16.000 y’Icyongereza ihindura amagambo y’Ikigiriki cyo muri Bibiliya agera ku 5.500. Nanone ikoresha amagambo y’Icyongereza arenga 27.000 ihindura amagambo y’Igiheburayo agera ku 8.500. * Kuki mu Cyongereza ayo magambo yagiye ahindurwa mu buryo butandukanye? Komite ishinzwe ubuhinduzi yabonye ko guhindura neza igitekerezo gikubiye muri ayo magambo ukurikije aho yakoreshejwe ari byo by’ingenzi kurusha kuyahindura utitaye ku yandi biri kumwe. Nubwo bimeze bityo, Bibiliya yitwa Ubuhinduzi bw’Isi Nshya yagiye ihindura amagambo y’Igiheburayo n’ay’Ikigiriki mu buryo bumwe uko bishoboka kose.

Biragaragara ko guhindura Bibiliya bikubiyemo ibirenze guhindura ijambo ryo mu rurimi rw’umwimerere mu buryo bumwe aho riboneka hose. Abahinduzi bagomba gushishoza kugira ngo batoranye amagambo agaragaza neza kandi mu buryo bwumvikana ibitekerezo bikubiye mu mwandiko wo mu rurimi rw’umwimerere. Byongeye kandi, ni ngombwa ko mu gihe bahindura, batondeka neza amagambo kandi bakubaka interuro bakurikije amategeko y’ikibonezamvugo cy’ururimi bahinduramo.

Bite se ku birebana na Bibiliya zahinduwe mu mvugo itandukanye n’iyakoreshejwe mu mwandiko w’umwimerere?

Abahinduzi bahindura Bibiliya zikunze kuvugwaho ko zikoresha imvugo itandukanye n’iyakoreshejwe mu mwandiko w’umwimerere, biha uburenganzira bwo guhindura batitaye ku miterere y’umwandiko wo mu ndimi z’umwimerere. Ibyo bishoboka bite? Bongeramo ibitekerezo byabo bibwira ko ari byo byavuzwe mu mwandiko w’umwimerere cyangwa bakagira ibintu biri mu mwandiko w’umwimerere bakuramo ntibabihindure. Bibiliya zahinduwe muri ubwo buryo zishobora gushishikaza abasomyi bitewe n’uko kuzisoma biborohera. Ariko kandi, kuba abo bahinduzi bihatira gutuma izo Bibiliya zorohera abasomyi bituma rimwe na rimwe ibitekerezo birimo bitumvikana neza, cyangwa ugasanga ibitekerezo byo mu mwandiko w’umwimerere byarahindutse.

Nimucyo dusuzume uburyo Bibiliya imwe yahinduwe mu mvugo itandukanye n’iyakoreshejwe mu mwandiko w’umwimerere yahinduye isengesho ntangarugero rya Yesu rizwi cyane. Iyo Bibiliya yagize iti “Data wa twese uri mu ijuru, garagaza uwo uri we” (Matayo 6:9, The Message: The Bible in Contemporary Language). Bibiliya yahinduye amagambo ya Yesu neza kurushaho yahinduye uwo murongo igira iti “Data wa twese uri mu ijuru, izina ryawe niryezwe.” Zirikana nanone ukuntu muri Yohana 17:26 hahinduwe muri Bibiliya zimwe na zimwe. Hari Bibiliya yahinduwe mu mvugo itandukanye n’iyakoreshejwe mu mwandiko w’umwimerere, yavuze ko mu ijoro Yesu yafashwemo yabwiye Se mu isengesho ati “narabakumenyesheje” (Today’s English Version). Icyakora, hari Bibiliya yahinduye neza iryo sengesho rya Yesu igira iti “nabamenyesheje izina ryawe.” Mbese urabona ukuntu mu by’ukuri abahinduzi bamwe na bamwe bahisha ko Imana ifite izina ryagombye gukoreshwa no guhabwa icyubahiro?

Kuki ari ngombwa kwitonda?

Bibiliya zimwe na zimwe zahinduwe mu mvugo itandukanye n’iyakoreshejwe mu mwandiko w’umwimerere, zituma amahame mbwirizamuco akubiyemo atumvikana neza. Urugero, mu 1 Abakorinto 6:9, 10, hari Bibiliya yagize iti “ese ntimubona ko ubwo atari bwo buryo bwo kubaho? Abakiranirwa badashishikazwa n’Imana ntibazifatanya mu bwami bwayo. Abarya imitsi y’abandi kandi bakononana, bakoresha kandi bagakoresha nabi ibitsina, bakoresha kandi bagakoresha nabi isi  n’ibiyirimo byose, ntibujuje ibisabwa abaturage b’Ubwami bw’Imana.”—The Message: The Bible in Contemporary Language.

Reba uko ayo magambo yahinduwe neza kurushaho muri Bibiliya y’Ubuhinduzi bw’Isi Nshya maze ugereranye n’iyo Bibiliya tumaze kubona. Bibiliya y’Ubuhinduzi bw’Isi Nshya iragira iti “ni ko ye, ntimuzi ko abakiranirwa batazaragwa ubwami bw’Imana? Ntimuyobe: abasambanyi, abasenga ibigirwamana, abahehesi, abagabo bakoreshwa ibyo imibiri yabo itaremewe, abagabo baryamana n’abandi bagabo, abajura, abanyamururumba, abasinzi, abatukana, n’abanyazi ntibazaragwa ubwami bw’Imana.” Zirikana ko ibintu intumwa Pawulo avuga mu buryo burambuye ku bihereranye n’imyifatire twagombye kwirinda, bitanerekezwaho muri ya Bibiliya yahinduwe mu mvugo itandukanye n’iyakoreshejwe mu mwandiko w’umwimerere.

Imyizerere y’umuhinduzi na yo ishobora kugira ingaruka ku buryo ahindura umwandiko. Urugero, hari Bibiliya yahinduye amagambo Yesu yabwiye abigishwa be igira iti “nimwinjirire mu irembo rifunganye, kuko irembo rijyana mu muriro w’iteka ryagutse kandi inzira ijyayo ikaba yoroshye kandi abayinyuramo ni benshi” (Matayo 7:13, Today’s English Version, bakunze kwita Good News Bible). Abahinduye iyo Bibiliya bashyizemo ijambo “umuriro w’iteka” kandi inkuru ya Matayo ikoresha mu buryo bugaragara ijambo “kurimbuka.” Ni iki cyatumye babigenza batyo? Uko bigaragara, bashakaga gushyigikira igitekerezo cy’uko abanyabyaha bazababazwa iteka aho kugira ngo barimburwe. *

Uko wabona Bibiliya ihinduye neza kurusha izindi

Bibiliya yanditswe mu mvugo isanzwe yakoreshwaga n’abantu boroheje, urugero nk’abahinzi, abungeri cyangwa abarobyi (Nehemiya 8:8, 12; Ibyakozwe 4:13). Ku bw’ibyo, Bibiliya ihinduye neza ituma ubutumwa buyikubiyemo bugera ku bantu bafite imitima itaryarya, uko imimerere bakuriyemo yaba imeze kose. Nanone, Bibiliya ihinduye neza yita ku bintu bikurikira:

◼ Guhindura mu buryo buhuje n’ukuri ubutumwa bw’umwimerere bwahumetswe n’Imana.—2 Timoteyo 3:16.

◼ Guhindura igitekerezo ijambo ku rindi mu gihe imiterere y’umwandiko w’umwimerere ibyemera.

◼ Guhindura igitekerezo gikubiye mu ijambo cyangwa mu nteruro yo mu rurimi rw’umwimerere, igihe kugihindura ijambo ku rindi bishobora kukigoreka cyangwa bikagipfukirana.

◼ Gukoresha imvugo isanzwe, yumvikana kandi ishishikaza umusomyi.

Ese Bibiliya nk’iyo ishobora kuboneka? Abasomyi b’iyi gazeti babarirwa muri za miriyoni, bahisemo gukoresha Bibiliya y’Ubuhinduzi bw’Isi Nshya. Kuki ari yo bahisemo? Ni uko bemera uburyo komite yahinduye iyo Bibiliya yakoresheje. Ijambo ry’ibanze ryo muri Bibiliya ya mbere iyo komite yahinduye mu Cyongereza, rigaragaza uburyo bwakoreshejwe rigira riti “ntitwahinduye Ibyanditswe mu mvugo itandukanye n’iyakoreshejwe mu mwandiko w’umwimerere. Twakoze uko dushoboye kugira ngo duhindure umwandiko w’umwimerere ijambo ku rindi igihe cyose imikoreshereze y’ururimi rw’Icyongereza cy’iki gihe yabaga ibitwemerera, ndetse n’igihe guhindura ijambo ku rindi byabaga bidapfukirana igitekerezo cyo mu mwandiko w’umwimerere kubera ko interuro yubatse nabi.”

Hacapwe kopi zisaga 145.000.000 za Bibiliya y’Ubuhinduzi bw’Isi Nshya yose uko yakabaye cyangwa ibice byayo, mu ndimi zisaga 60! Niba iyo Bibiliya iboneka mu rurimi rwanyu, kuki utayisaba Abahamya ba Yehova maze nawe ukirebera ibyiza byo gukoresha Bibiliya ihinduye mu buryo buhuje n’ukuri?

Abigishwa ba Bibiliya b’imitima itaryarya bifuza gusobanukirwa neza ubutumwa bwahumetswe n’Imana kandi bakabukurikiza. Niba uri umwe muri bo, mu by’ukuri nta kindi ukeneye uretse Bibiliya ihinduye mu buryo buhuje n’ukuri.

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Amagambo yatsindagirijwe yo ku ipaji ya 21]

Bibiliya zihinduye mu mvugo itandukanye n’iyakoreshejwe mu mwandiko w’umwimerere, zishobora gushimisha abantu kubera ko kuzisoma byoroshye. ariko kandi uko gukabya guhindura mu mvugo itandukanye n’iyakoreshejwe mu mwandiko w’umwimerere, rimwe na rimwe bipfukirana igitekerezo gikubiyemo cyangwa bigatuma gihinduka

[Amagambo yatsindagirijwe yo ku ipaji ya 22]

Hacapwe kopi zisaga 145.000.000 za Bibiliya y’Ubuhinduzi bw’Isi Nshya yose uko yakabaye cyangwa ibice byayo mu ndimi zisaga 60!

[Agasanduku/​Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 20]

UMWANDIKO WA KERA WA BIBILIYA WAHINDUWE MU MVUGO ITANDUKANYE N’IYAKORESHEJWE MU MWANDIKO W’UMWIMERERE

Imyandiko ya Bibiliya yahinduwe mu mvugo itandukanye n’iyakoreshejwe mu mwandiko w’umwimerere, si iya none. Mu bihe bya kera, Abayahudi bakusanyije inyandiko ubu bita Targum y’Icyarameyi, ubwo bukaba ari ubuhinduzi bw’Ibyanditswe bwahinduwe mu mvugo itandukanye n’iyakoreshejwe mu mwandiko w’umwimerere. Nubwo izo nyandiko zahinduwe mu buryo budahuje n’ukuri, ziduhishurira uko Abayahudi bumvaga imirongo imwe n’imwe, ibyo bikaba bifasha abahinduzi gusobanukirwa imirongo imwe n’imwe ikomeye. Urugero, muri Yobu 38:7, imvugo ngo “abana b’Imana” isobanura “imitwe y’abamarayika.” Mu Itangiriro 10:9, Targum zigaragaza ko ijambo ry’Igiheburayo ryahinduwemo “imbere” bakoresheje bavuga ibya Nimurodi, ryumvikanisha igitekerezo cyo “kurwanya” aho kuba “imbere” ibi bisanzwe. Iyo myandiko yahinduwe mu mvugo itandukanye n’iyakoreshejwe mu mwandiko w’umwimerere, yakoreshwaga iri kumwe n’umwandiko wa Bibiliya, ariko nta na rimwe yabaga igamije gusimbura Bibiliya.

[Ifoto]

IGICE CY’IMIRONGO YO MURI YOBU 38:1-15, MURI BIBILIYA YA WALTON YITWA “BIBLIA POLYGLOTTA,” YARANGIJE KWANDIKWA MU MWAKA WA 1657

Umwandiko wa Bibiliya w’Igiheburayo (uri kumwe n’ubuhinduzi bwawo mu Kilatini)

Umwandiko usa n’uwo w’Icyarameyi witwa “Targum”

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 19]

IGICE CY’UMURONGO WO MU BEFESO 4:14, MURI BIBILIYA YITWA “THE KINGDOM INTERLINEAR TRANSLATION OF THE GREEK SCRIPTURES”

Inkingi y’ibumoso irerekana uko umwandiko wahinduwe ijambo ku rindi, naho inkingi y’iburyo irerekana uko igitekerezo gikubiye mu mwandiko cyahinduwe

[Aho ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 18 yavuye]

Background: Shrine of the Book, Israel Museum, Jerusalem