Amavanjiri yizewe mu rugero rungana iki?

“Ubu abantu bagomba kubona ko amavanjiri yakomotse ku nkuru Abakristo ba mbere bahimbye.”—Byavuzwe na Burton L. Mack, umwarimu wigishaga iby’Isezerano Rishya, ariko ubu akaba yarahawe ikiruhuko cy’iza bukuru.

UWO mwarimu si we wenyine ubibona atyo. Hari abahanga benshi bashidikanyije ku ivanjiri ya Matayo, iya Mariko, iya Luka n’iya Yohana, izo zikaba ari inkuru zo muri Bibiliya zivuga iby’ubuzima bwa Yesu n’umurimo we. Kuki hari bamwe babona ko Amavanjiri ari inkuru z’impimbano? Ese ibitekerezo by’abo bantu byagombye gutuma ushidikanya ku kuri ko mu Mavanjiri? Reka dusuzume ibihamya bimwe na bimwe.

Hari abantu batemera ko Amavanjiri avuga ukuri

Kuva mu kinyejana cya 1 kugeza mu cya 17, nta muntu wari warigeze ashidikanya ku kuri ko mu Mavanjiri bigeze aho. Ariko guhera cyane cyane mu kinyejana cya 19, abahanga benshi batangiye kubona ko Amavanjiri atahumetswe n’Imana, ahubwo yahimbwe n’abantu. Byongeye kandi, bahakanye ko abanditsi b’Amavanjiri biyumviye ibyo Yesu yavuze ndetse bakibonera n’ibyo yakoze, kandi bakomeje kwemeza ko abo banditsi nta bushobozi bari bafite bwo kwandika amateka yizewe. Nanone kandi, bavuze ko kuba Amavanjiri atatu ya mbere asa n’aho ateye kimwe kandi akaba avuga ibintu byenda gusa, bigaragaza ko hari umwanditsi umwe wanditse Ivanjiri ya mbere abandi bakayandukuramo ibintu byinshi. Nanone abajora bahakanye ibitangaza bya Yesu, ndetse bahakana ko yazutse nk’uko bivugwa mu Mavanjiri. Hari n’abihandagaje bavuga ko Yesu atigeze abaho!

Abo bantu bavuze ko Mariko agomba kuba ari we wanditse ivanjiri ya mbere, kubera ko bisa n’aho nta kintu kigaragara yongeye ku Ivanjiri ya Matayo n’iya Luka. Nanone abo bantu bajora bakekaga ko bimwe mu byo Matayo na Luka banditse mu Mavanjiri yabo byavuye mu Ivanjiri ya Mariko, ibindi bikava mu yindi nyandiko. Iyo nyandiko yindi abahanga bayita Q (iyo nyuguti ikaba yaravuye ku ijambo ry’Ikidage Quelle cyangwa “isoko”). Nk’uko umuhanga mu bya Bibiliya witwa A. F. J. Klijn yabivuze, icyo gitekerezo cyogeye ariko utapfa kwemeza, “gituma abantu bumva ko abanditsi b’Amavanjiri nta kindi bakoze uretse gukusanya inkuru bagiye batoratora hirya no hino.” Mu by’ukuri, icyo gitekerezo gituma abantu babona ko abanditsi b’Amavanjiri biyitiriye inkuru z’abandi cyangwa ko bazihimbye. Icyo gitekerezo cyatumye abantu bareka kwizera ko Bibiliya yahumetswe n’Imana.—2 Timoteyo 3:16.

Ese abanditsi ba Bibiliya biyitiriye inkuru z’abandi?

Ese kuba Ivanjiri ya Matayo, iya Mariko n’iya Luka afite ibintu ahuriyeho, byumvikanisha ko umwanditsi umwe yanditse Ivanjiri ye abandi bakayandukura? Oya. Kubera iki? Impamvu imwe ni uko Yesu yasezeranyije abigishwa be ko umwuka wera wari ‘kuzabibutsa ibyo yari yarababwiye byose’ (Yohana 14:26). Ku bw’ibyo rero, ntibitangaje kuba hari ibintu abanditsi b’Amavanjiri bibutse maze bose bakabyandika. Mu by’ukuri, hari abanditsi ba Bibiliya bashobora kuba barasomye ibyo abandi banditsi ba Bibiliya banditse kandi bakagira icyo babivugaho, ariko ibyo byaba byumvikanisha ko bakoze ubushakashatsi babyitondeye, aho kumvikanisha ko biyitiriye inyandiko z’abandi (2 Petero 3:15). Byongeye kandi, hari igitabo cyagize kiti “kuba abantu bari bafite akamenyero ko guhererekanya inkuru mu mvugo, byashoboraga gutuma ibintu by’ingenzi Yesu yavuze byandikwa kimwe.”—The Anchor Bible Dictionary.

 Luka yavuze ko yavuganye n’abantu benshi biboneye ibyabaye kandi ko ‘yabyanditse uko bikurikirana neza’ (Luka 1:1-4). None se ibyo byumvikanisha ko Luka yiyitiriye inkuru z’abandi cyangwa ko yazihimbye? Reka da. Ahubwo igihe umuhanga mu bushakashatsi bw’ibyataburuwe mu matongo witwa William Ramsay yari amaze gusesengura inyandiko za Luka abyitondeye, yaravuze ati “Luka ni umuhanga mu by’amateka wo mu rwego rwo hejuru: uretse no kuba ibyo yavuze bidashidikanywaho, yari azi n’ukuntu amateka yagombye kwandikwa. . . . Uwo mwanditsi yagombye kubarirwa mu bahanga mu by’amateka bakomeye cyane.”

Ibyavuzwe n’Abakurambere ba Kiliziya, hakubiyemo n’umuhanga mu bya tewolojiya wabayeho mu kinyejana cya gatatu witwa Origène, na byo byumvikanisha ko Matayo ari we wa mbere wanditse Ivanjiri. Origène yaranditse ati “iya mbere yanditswe na Matayo, wa wundi wahoze ari Umukoresha w’ikoro nyuma akaza kuba intumwa ya Yesu Kristo, ayandika mu Giheburayo kuko yayandikiye Abayahudi bahindutse Abakristo.” Biragaragara ko Matayo wari intumwa akaba yaraniboneye ibyo bintu byose, atari akeneye kwiyitirira inyandiko ya Mariko utari uhari. None se ni ibihe bintu bifatika bigaragaza ko Matayo na Luka batandukuye Ivanjiri ya Mariko n’inyandiko bise Q?

Ese Ivanjiri ya Mariko ni yo yanditswe mbere?

Hari igitabo kivuga ko igitekerezo cy’uko Ivanjiri ya Mariko ari yo yanditswe mbere, hanyuma Matayo na Luka bakaba ari yo bifashisha bandika Amavanjiri yabo, nta “bihamya bifatika” gishingiyeho (The Anchor Bible Dictionary). Ariko kandi,  abahanga benshi bumva ko Mariko yanditse Ivanjiri ye mbere y’uko Matayo na Luka bandika izabo, kubera ko ukurikije ibyo abo bahanga bavuga, ngo Mariko yongereye utuntu duke cyane ku bivugwa mu yandi Mavanjiri. Urugero, hari umuhanga mu bya Bibiliya wo mu kinyejana cya 19 witwa Johannes Kuhn wemeje akomeje ko Ivanjiri ya Mariko igomba kuba ari yo yanditswe mbere. Kuhn yaravuze ati “naho ubundi umuntu ashobora gutekereza ko Mariko yafashe umuzingo wa Matayo n’uwa Luka akayikatamo uduce duto duto, akatuvangavangira mu kibindi, urwo ruvange akaba ari rwo akuramo Ivanjiri ye.”

Kubera ko Ivanjiri ya Mariko ari yo ngufi kurusha ayandi, ntibitangaje kuba irimo ibintu bike cyane byihariye ugereranyije n’ibiri mu yandi mavanjiri. Ariko nanone, ibyo ntibisobanura ko ari yo igomba kuba yaranditswe mbere. Uretse n’ibyo kandi, kuvuga ko nta kintu Mariko yongereye ku byavuzwe mu Ivanjiri ya Matayo n’iya Luka si byo. Mu by’ukuri, mu Ivanjiri ya Mariko ivuga ibintu bishishikaje bihereranye n’umurimo Yesu yakoze, harimo imirongo isaga 180 hamwe n’ibisobanuro bishishikaje utasanga mu Ivanjiri ya Matayo n’iya Luka. Bityo rero, ibyo bituma Ivanjiri ya Mariko iba inkuru yihariye ivuga iby’imibereho ya Yesu.—Reba  agasanduku kari ku ipaji ya 13.

Twavuga iki ku nyandiko bise Q?

Twavuga iki ku nyandiko bise Q, bamwe bavuga ko ari yo Matayo na Luka bifashishije? Umwarimu w’iyobokamana witwa James M. Robinson yaravuze ati “mu by’ukuri, umwandiko witwa Q ni wo mwandiko wa gikristo w’ingenzi kurusha iyindi dufite.” Ayo magambo aratangaje kubera ko inyandiko bise Q itabaho muri iki gihe, kandi mu by’ukuri nta wushobora gutanga gihamya y’uko yigeze kubaho! Igitangaje ni ukuntu yaba yarazimangatanye burundu kandi abahanga bemeza ko hagomba kuba hariho kopi zayo nyinshi zakoreshwaga. Byongeye kandi, nta Mukurambere wa Kiliziya wigeze asubiramo amagambo yo mu nyandiko bise Q.

Tekereza kuri ibi: Abantu bakeka ko inyandiko yiswe Q yaba yarabayeho kandi ko yaba yarashyigikiraga igitekerezo cy’uko Ivanjiri ya Mariko ari yo yanditswe mbere y’andi Mavanjiri. Icyo se nticyaba ari igitekerezo cyo gukekeranya gishingiye ku kindi gitekerezo na cyo cyo gukekeranya? Iyo hatangiye kuvugwa ibintu nk’ibi bidafitiwe gihamya, biba byiza iyo tuzirikanye umugani ugira uti “umuswa yemera ikivuzwe cyose, ariko umunyamakenga yitegereza aho anyura.”—Imigani 14:15.

Amavanjiri avuga ukuri kandi ni ayo kwizerwa

Intiti zijora Amavanjiri zatanze ibitekerezo byo gukekeranya bidafite ishingiro, bityo zituma abantu benshi barangara ntibasuzume inkuru zo mu Mavanjiri zizewe, zerekeye ubuzima bwa Yesu n’umurimo we. Izo nkuru zigaragaza neza ko Abakristo ba mbere batigeze babona ko inkuru zivuga ubuzima bwa Yesu, umurimo we, urupfu rwe ndetse n’izuka rye ari impimbano. Abantu babarirwa mu magana babyiboneye bahamije ko ibyo ari ibintu bidashidikanywaho. Abo Bakristo ba mbere bari biteguye guhangana n’ibitotezo ndetse no kwicwa bazira ko ari abigishwa ba Yesu, bari barasobanukiwe neza ko umurimo wa Yesu n’umuzuko we bibaye ari ibintu by’ibihimbano, kuba Umukristo byaba ari ukubura ubwenge.—1 Abakorinto 15:3-8, 17, 19; 2 Timoteyo 2:2.

Umwarimu wa Tewolojiya witwa George W. Buchanan yerekeje ku mpaka zigibwa ku gitekerezo cy’uko Ivanjiri ya Mariko ari yo yaba yaranditswe mbere, ndetse n’ikivuga iby’inyandiko bise Q ngo yaba yarazimiye mu buryo budasobanutse, avuga ati “gutinda ku bitekerezo byo gukekeranya bivuga iby’inkomoko y’Amavanjiri bituma umwigishwa wa Bibiliya atiga umwandiko wa Bibiliya ubwawo.” Icyo gitekerezo gihuje n’inama intumwa Pawulo yagiriye Timoteyo yo “kutita ku migani y’ibinyoma n’ibisekuru bitagira icyo bigezaho, ahubwo bituma havuka ibibazo by’urudaca, aho kugira ngo hagire ikintu gifitanye isano no kwizera gitangwa giturutse ku Mana.”—1 Timoteyo 1:4.

Amavanjiri ni ayo kwizerwa. Arimo inkuru z’ukuri zavuzwe n’abantu baziboneye. Ashingiye ku bushakashatsi bwitondewe. Amavanjiri atuma tumenya ibintu bishishikaje byinshi byaranze ubuzima bwa Yesu Kristo. Ku bw’ibyo, nk’uko Timoteyo yabigenje kera, byaba byiza twitondeye amagambo ya Pawulo agira ati “ugume mu byo wize kandi ukemera ko ari ukuri.” Dufite impamvu zifatika zituma twemera ko “Ibyanditswe byera byose [hakubiyemo n’Amavanjiri] byahumetswe n’Imana.”—2 Timoteyo 3:14-17.

[Agasanduku ko ku ipaji ya 13]

 Iyo Ivanjiri ya Mariko itaza kwandikwa, ntitwari kumenya ko . . .

Yesu yararanganyije amaso mu bantu abarakariye kandi ababajwe cyane n’uko imitima yabo inangiye (Mariko 3:5)

Yohana na Yakobo biswe Bowanerige (Mariko 3:17)

umugore wavaga amaraso yari yaratanze ibye byose kandi ko yaje aturutse inyuma ya Yesu ari mu bantu benshi (Mariko 5:26)

Herodiya yarwaye inzika Yohana Umubatiza, kandi ko Herode yatinyaga Yohana nuko ntagire icyo amutwara (Mariko 6:19, 20)

Yesu yabwiye abigishwa be ngo baruhuke ho gato (Mariko 6:31)

Abafarisayo bakarabaga intoki bakageza mu nkokora (Mariko 7:2-4)

Yesu yateruye abana (Mariko 10:16)

Yesu yumvise akunze umutware w’umusore (Mariko 10:21)

Petero na Yakobo na Yohana na Andereya babajije Yesu biherereye (Mariko 13:3)

umusore yasize umwenda we (Mariko 14:51, 52)

Byongeye kandi, hari urugero rumwe Yesu yatanze n’ibitangaza bibiri yakoze usanga mu gitabo cya Mariko honyine.—Mariko 4:26-29; 7:32-37; 8:22-26.

Mu Ivanjiri ya Mariko harimo ibintu byinshi utasanga mu yandi Mavanjiri. Nta gushidikanya ko tuzarushaho gushimishwa n’iyo Vanjiri, nidufata igihe tugatekereza neza ku gaciro k’ibyo bintu byose by’ingenzi biyirimo.