Bhibhlya Yafika Tani Mpaka Lero

Kuona kuti mphangwa zinagumanika m’Bhibhlya nee zacinjwa mpaka lero ndi pyakudzumisa kakamwe. Iyo yamala kulembwa mu pyaka 1.900 nduli. Iyo ikhadalembwa mu pinthu pyakuti nee pikhanentsa kubvunda, ninga nthembe za pinyama na m’matsamba akucitwa na papiro mu pilongero pyakuti anthu akucepa asapilonga lero. Kusiyapo pyenepi, anthu amphambvu ninga atongi na atsogoleri auphemberi awangisira kakamwe toera anthu akhonde kukhala na Bhibhlya.

KODI bukhu ineyi yakupambulika yakwanisa tani kukunda mipingizo yonsene mbidzakhala bukhu yakudziwika kakamwe pa dziko yonsene yapantsi? Tendeni tione pinthu piwiri pidacitisa kuti Bhibhlya ifike mpaka lero.

Kukopyari Bhibhlya Kwaphedza Kakamwe

Aizraeli akuti akhali na basa yakukoya mipukutu yakutoma ya Bhibhlya akhaitsidzikiza mwadidi, pontho akhacita makopya mazinji a mipukutu ineyi. Mwacitsandzo, amambo a Izraeli apangwa toera alembe okhene “m’bukhu mafala a Mwambo uyu udabuluswa mu mwambo unakoyiwa na Alevi anatumikira ninga anyantsembe.”—Dheuteronomyo 17:18.

Aizraeli azinji akhakomerwa na kuleri Malemba, thangwi iwo akhadziwa kuti ndi Mafala a Mulungu. Natenepa, malemba akhakopyariwi mwadidi na alembi akuti akhadapfundziswa mwadidi toera acite basa ineyi. Nyakulemba m’bodzi wakuti akhagopa Mulungu anacemerwa Esdra, “akhadziwa mwadidi Mwambo wa Mose, udapereka Yahova Mulungu wa Izraeli.” (Esdra 7:6) Amasoreti akuti akopyari Malemba Acihebheri, peno “Unthaka Wakale,” nkati mwa caka 500 mpaka 900 Pakumala Kubalwa kwa Kristu, akhalengesa maletra pakulemba toera akhale na cinyindiro cakuti nee akusiya pinango pakhundu. Basa ineyi yakukopyari mwadidi yacitisa kuti Bhibhlya igumanike mpaka lero, mwakukhonda kutsalakana kuwangisira kukhacita anyamalwa toera Bhibhlya ikhonde kukhalapo.

Mwacitsandzo mu caka 168 Kristu Mbadzati Kubalwa, Antíoco Wacinai wakuti ndi ntongi wa ku Sirya, ayesera kufudza mabukhu onsene a Malemba Acihebheri akhagumana iye ku Palestina. Mbiri inango Yaciyuda yalonga: “Iwo akhapandula na kupisa mipukutu yonsene ya mwambo ikhagumana iwo.” Enciclopédia Yaciyuda yalonga: “Anyankhondo adapangwa toera kucita pyenepi akhali akuuma ntima . . . Anthu onsene akhagumanwa na bukhu ya Malemba Acihebheri . . . akhaphiwa.” Mbwenye iwo acimwana kufudza mabukhu onsene Acihebheri akhali na Ayuda ku Palestina na ale akhagumanika m’madziko anango.

Pidamala kwene kulembwa Malemba Acigerego Acikristu, peno “Unthaka Upswa,” anthu akopyari kakamwe matsamba awo, maprofesiya na mphangwa zinango zakale mbazigawiza. Mwacitsandzo, Juwau alemba Evanjelyu yace ku Efeso peno dhuzi na kweneku. Anyakufufudza asalonga kuti khundu ibodzi ya Evanjelyu ineyi idakopyarwi cifupi na pyaka 50 iye mbadamala kale kulemba Evanjelyu yace yagumanwa kutali kakamwe na ku Ejitu. Pyenepi pisapangiza kuti Akristu akakhala kutali akhali na makopya akhadamala kwene kulembwa.

Ngakhale pakumala kufa kwa Kristu, Mafala a Mulungu apitiriza kukhalapo thangwi iwo akhadagawizwa kakamwe. Mwacitsandzo, mu ndzidzi ukhaca kunja pa ntsiku 23 ya Fevereiro ya caka 303 Pakumala Kubalwa kwa Kristu, Diocleciano wakuti akhali Ntongi Waciroma, aona anyankhondo ace mbakaswa misuwo ya igreja na kupisa mabukhu Mafala a Mulungu. Diocleciano akhanyerezera kuti mbadafudza Mafala a Mulungu, anthu mbadasiya kukhala Akristu. Mangwana mwace, iye akhazikisa ntemo toera mu Utongi Waciroma, Mabhibhlya onsene apiswe pakweca. Mbwenye iwo nee akwanisa kuapisa onsene, natenepa adasala akopyariwi pontho. Khundu ikulu ya makopya mawiri a Bhibhlya adalembwa mu Cigerego akuti panango alembwa pidamala kwene ndzidzi wakutcingwa udatomeswa na Diocleciano aciripo mpaka lero. Kopya ibodzi iri ku Roma, inango iri mu Bhibhliyoteka ikulu mu nzinda wa Londres, ku Inglatera.

Maseze idzati kugumanwa mipukutu yakutoma ya Bhibhlya, mbwenye makopya mazinji kakamwe a Bhibhlya yonsene peno khundu ibodzi aciripo mpaka lero. Anango ndi akale kakamwe. Kodi mphangwa zikhagumanika m’makopya akutoma, zacinjwa mu ndzidzi ukhakopyariwi iyo? Nyakufufudza W. H. Green alonga tenepa thangwi ya Malemba Acihebheri: “Tinakwanisa kulonga na cinyindiro consene kuti nkhabepo mabukhu anango akale adakopyarwi mwakundendemera ninga Malemba anewa.” Thangwi ya Malemba Acigerego Acikristu, nyakufufudza wakudziwika kakamwe wa mipukutu yakutoma ya Bhibhlya anacemerwa Sir Frederic Kenyon, alonga: “Papita ndzidzi wakucepa kakamwe kutomera pidalembwa Bhibhlya mpaka ndzidzi udakopyariwi mipukutu, natenepa kupenula konsene kukhali na anthu khala mphangwa zidalembwa mwenemu zacinjwa peno nkhabe kwamaliratu. Natenepa ife tinakwanisa kukhulupira na kunyindira na ntima onsene mabukhu a Unthaka Upswa.” Pontho iye alonga: “Ife tiri na cinyindiro cakuti mphangwa zinagumanika m’Bhibhlya nee zacinjwa. . . . Mbwenye nee tinalonga pibodzi pyene na mabukhu anango akale a dziko.”

Kuthumburuzwa Kwa Bhibhlya

Cinango cidaphedza toera Bhibhlya ikhale yakudziwika kakamwe kuna anthu ndi cakuti iyo isagumanika mu pilongero pizinji. Pyenepi pisabverana na cifuniro ca Mulungu cakuti anthu a madzindza onsene na pilongero asafunika kutsogolerwa na “nzimu na undimomwene” toera kundziwa na kumulambira.—Juwau 4:23, 24; Mikeya 4:2.

Bhibhlya ya Malemba Acihebheri pakutoma yathumburuzwa mu Septuaginta Grega. Iyo yathumburuzirwa Ayuda akhalonga Cigerego akuti akakhala kunja kwa Palestina, pontho pidamala iyo kuthumburuzwa pakhadasala cifupi na pyaka 200 toera Yezu atome utumiki wace pa dziko yapantsi. Bhibhlya yonsene pidamala iyo kulembwa, kuphatanizambo Malemba Acigerego Acikristu, papita madzana akucepa a pyaka, iyo mbitoma kuthumburuzwa mu pilongero pizinji. Mbwenye mukupita kwa ndzidzi, amambo na anyantsembe akuti akhafunika kuwangisira toera kuphedza anthu kuti akhale na Bhibhlya, iwo akhacita pyakusiyana. Iwo akhakhondesa anthu toera akhonde kuthumburuza Mafala a Mulungu mu pilongero pikhadziwa anthu azinji toera mabira awo akhonde kuwangisa uxamwali wawo na Mulungu.

Amuna acipapo aikha umaso wawo pangozwi mbakhonda kubvera mitemo ya Igreja ya utongi toera kuthumburuza Bhibhlya mu pilongero pikhalonga anthu azinji. Mwacitsandzo, mu caka 1530, William Tyndale wakuti apfundza ku Oxford, athumburuza mabukhu akutoma maxanu a Malemba Acihebheri. Mwakukhonda tsalakana kutcingwa, iye ndi munthu wakutoma adathumburuza Bhibhlya kubulukira ku Cihebheri kudza Cingerezi. Pontho Tyndale akhali nthumburuzi wakutoma adaphatisira dzina yakuti Yahova. Nyakufufudza pya Bhibhlya anacemerwa Casiodoro de Reina ndzidzi onsene akhatcingwa na Akatolika, pontho iwo akhafuna kumupha thangwi yakuthumburuza Bhibhlya toera ikhale mu Cixipanyola. Natenepa, toera kumalisa kuthumburuza Bhibhlya, iye aenda ku Inglatera, Alemanya, Fransa, Holanda na Suisa. a

Lero Bhibhlya isapitiriza kuthumburuzwa mu pilongero pizinji kakamwe, pontho Mabhibhlya mazinji asagawizwa. Kugumanika kwawo mpaka lero, pontho mbidziwika kakamwe kuna anthu onsene kusapangiza undimomwene uyu udalonga mpostolo Pedhru: “Tsanga isabunyala, maluwa asagwa, mbwenye mafala a Yahova asapitiriza kwenda na kwenda.”—1 Pedhru 1:24, 25.

[Cidzindikiro capantsi]

[Foto pa tsamba 12, 13]

Mipukutu ya Amasoreti

[Foto pa tsamba 13]

Khundu ya mpukutu inagumanika mafala a pa Luka 12:7, analonga kuti: “. . . lekani kugopa; imwe ndimwe akufunika kakamwe kupiringana mbalame zing’ono zizinji.”

 [Picture Credit Lines on page 13]

Tsamba yakutoma: National Library of Russia, St. Petersburg; yaciwiri na yacitatu: Bibelmuseum, Münster; background: © The Trustees of the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin