Pasi—Raka“umbwa” Netsaona Here?

KUTI risanyanya kupisa kana kunyanya kutonhora, pasi rinofanira kutenderera zuva riri padaro rakakodzera. Mapuraneti akaonekwa mune dzimwe nzvimbo muchadenga. Anotenderera dzimwe nyeredzi dzakaita sezuva uye anofungidzirwa kuti ari mu‘nzvimbo inogarika’—ndiko kuti anogona kuchengeta mvura. Asi kunyange aya anonzi mapuraneti anogarika angatadza kutsigira upenyu hwevanhu. Anofanirawo kutenderera nokumhanya zvakarurama uye ari makuru zvakafanira.

Kudai pasi rakanga riri duku zvishoma uye richirema zvishoma pane zvariri, simba regiravhiti raizodai riri duku zvishoma uye mhepo inokosha yakapoteredza pasi yaizoenda muchadenga. Izvi zvinogona kuonekwa pamwedzi nemapuraneti anonzi Mercury neMars. Nokuti maduku uye haaremi pane pasi, ane mhepo shoma yakaapoteredza kana kuti haana zvachose. Asi zvakadini kudai pasi rakanga rakati kurei uye richiti remei pane zvariri?

Ipapo simba regiravhiti repasi raizova rakanyanya kusimba uye magasi asingaremi, akadai sehydrogen nehelium, aizotora nguva huru kuti abude mumhepo yakapoteredza pasi. “Chinonyanya kukosha ndechokuti,” rinotsanangura kudaro bhuku resayenzi rinonzi Environment of Life, “musiyano muduku uripo pakati pemagasi maviri ari mumhepo yakapoteredza pasi waizokanganiswa.”

Kana kuti funga nezveokisijeni chete, inoita kuti zvinhu zvikurumidze kutsva. Kudai kuwanda kwayo kwaiwedzera ne1 muzana, moto womumasango waizongobaka pose pose. Ukuwo, kudai gasi rinenge ratadza kubuda mumhepo yakapoteredza pasi rinonzi kabhoni dhayokisaidhi raizoramba richiwanda, taizobvuraudzwa nokupisa kunovapo pasi pano.

Kutenderera Zuva Kwepasi

Chimwe chinhu chinobatsira igwara rinofamba pasi richitenderera zuva. Kudai pasi raitenderera zuva rakaita denderedzwa chairo, taizobvuraudzwa kana kutonhorwa zvakanyanya. Asi, pasi rine kutenderera kwakada kuita denderedzwa. Hungu, mamiriro ezvinhu aizochinja kudai imwe puraneti huru yakadai seJupiter yaizodarika nepedyo. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya masayendisiti akawana mashoko anoratidza kuti dzimwe nyeredzi dzine mamwe mapuraneti akakura seJupiter anotenderera pedyo chaizvo nadzo. Mapuraneti mazhinji iwaya akafanana neJupiter haana gwara chairoiro rokutenderera. Dai kwaiva nemapuraneti api neapi akafanana nepasi ikoko aizova mudambudziko.

Anodzidza nezvenyeredzi Geoffrey Marcy akafananidza mapuraneti iwaya ari kure nemapuraneti  anonzi Mercury, Venus, Earth (Pasi) neMars, anowanikwa mugadziriro yedu yokutenderera zuva. Paaibvunzurudzwa, Marcy akati: “Tarisai muone kuti iyi [gadziriro] yakakwana sei. Yakafanana nedombo rinokosha. Tine kutenderera kwakada kuita denderedzwa. Zvose zvinotenderera zviri mugwara rimwe chete. Zvose zviri kutenderera zvakananga divi rimwe chete. . . . Zvinenge zvinoti shamisei.” Izvi zvinganzi zvakaitika netsaona here?

Gadziriro yedu yokutenderera zuva ine chimwe chishamiso. Mapuraneti makuru akadai seJupiter, Saturn, Uranus neNeptune anotenderera zuva ari padaro risina ngozi kubva kwatiri. Pane kuti akonzere matambudziko, mapuraneti aya anoita basa rinokosha. Vanodzidza nezvenyeredzi vakaafananidza ne‘zvinochenesa muchadenga’ nokuti giravhiti rawo rinokweva matombo makuru ari muchadenga, kana zvikasadaro angakonzera njodzi pasi pano. Chaizvoizvo, pasi rakanyatso‘teyewa.’ (Jobho 38:4) Zvose kukura kwaro nenzvimbo yaro mugadziriro yedu yokutenderera zuva zvakakodzera chaizvo. Asi hazvisizvo zvoga. Pasi rine zvimwe zvinhu zvisina mamwe mapuraneti zvinokosha nokuda kwoupenyu hwevanhu.

Okisijeni Nokugadzirwa Kwezvokudya Nemiti

Maatomu eokisijeni ndiwo anoumba 63 muzana youremu hwezvinhu zvipenyu zviri panyika. Uyewo, okisijeni iri muchadenga inodzivirira zvirimwa nemhuka kubva kumwaranzi inokuvadza yezuva. Asi okisijeni inokurumidza kushanda nezvimwe zvinhu zvine maatomu akafanana, zvakadai seapo inoshanda nesimbi kuti pave nengura. Saka mhepo yakapoteredza pasi inochengeta ichi chinhu chinokurumidza kushanda nezvimwe chiri pamwero we21 muzana sei?

Inoita izvi neinonzi photosynthesis—nzira inoshamisa iyo zvirimwa zvepasi zvinoshandisa chiedza chezuva kugadzira zvokudya. Chimwe chinhu chinobudapo iokisijeni—matani anopfuura bhiriyoni anoendeswa mudenga zuva rimwe nerimwe. “Dai pasina photosynthesis,” inotsanangura kudaro The New Encyclopædia Britannica, “zvokudya zvaizorega kugadzirwa uye pasi raizosara risina okisijeni.”

Mabhuku esayenzi ane mapeji akawanda anotsanangura zvinonyatsoitika chaizvo muinonzi photosynthesis. Mamwe matanho haasati ava kunyatsonzwisiswa. Vanodavira mhindumupindu  havagoni kutsanangura kuti danho rimwe rakavapo sei kubva pachinhu chisinganetsi kunzwisisa. Chokwadi, danho rimwe rinoratidza kuva rakaoma kwazvo kunzwisisa. “Hapana nzira chaiyo inobvumiranwa inotaura nezvemavambo ephotosynthesis,” inodaro The New Encyclopædia Britannica. Mumwe anodavira zvemhindumupindu akangotaurawo zvake achiti photosynthesis yakatangwa “nemasero” mashoma “aida kutanga zvitsva.”

Mashoko iwayo, kunyange zvazvo asingaenderani nesayenzi, anoratidza chimwe chinhu chinoshamisa: Photosynthesis inoda masero kuti danho iroro riitike zvakachengeteka, uye kuti izvi zvirambe zvichiitika panoda kuti masero arambe achigadzirwa. Zvose izvi zvakaitika netsaona here “nemasero” mashoma “aida kutanga zvitsva”?

Kubva Pasero Rinozvibereka Kusvika Pamunhu

Mikana ipi iripo yokuti maatomu aungane pamwe chete kuti agadzire sero duku zvikuru rinozvibereka? Mubhuku rake rinonzi A Guided Tour of the Living Cell, musayendisiti akahwina Mubayiro weNobel anonzi Christian de Duve anobvuma kuti: “Kana ukafananidza mukana wokuvapo kwesero routachiona newokuungana kwemasero aro netsaona, kunyange zvodini haufi wakakwanisa kugadzira rimwe chete.”

Zvatataura nyaya iyi kusvika apa, ngatichibvai panyaya iyi yesero rimwe routachiona tiende kumasero akasiyana-siyana ane mabhiriyoni anoumba uropi hwomunhu. Masayendisiti anotsanangura uropi hwomunhu sechinhu chakaoma kunzwisisa zvikuru pane zvose zviri muchadenga chinozivikanwa. Zvechokwadi hunoshamisa. Somuenzaniso, nzvimbo dzakakura dzouropi dzinonzi nzvimbo dzinoumbirwa mashoko. Nzvimbo idzi dzinoongorora nokududzira mashoko anobva kutsinga dzinouya kuuropi. Imwe yeidzi nzvimbo dzinoumbirwa mashoko iri necheshure kwehuma yako inoita kuti ukwanise kufungisisa zvishamiso zviri muchadenga. Kuvapo kwenzvimbo dzakadaro dzinoumbirwa mashoko kwakaitika netsaona here? “Hapana kunowanikwa zvakaita seizvi mumhuka ipi neipi,” anobvuma kudaro anodavira mhindumupindu anonzi Dr. Sherwin Nuland mubhuku rake rinonzi The Wisdom of the Body.

Masayendisiti akaratidza kuti uropi hwomunhu hunokwanisa kufambisa mashoko nokukurumidza kudarika kombiyuta ine simba zvikuru. Yeuka kuti kombiyuta yemazuva ano yakazovapo nokuedza kwemakumi emakore kwakaitwa navanhu. Zvakadini nouropi hwakakwirira hwavanhu? Mubhuku ravo rinonzi The Anthropic Cosmological Principle, masayendisiti maviri anonzi John Barrow naFrank Tipler akati: “Pava nekapfungwa kokubvumirana pakati pevanodavira mhindumupindu kokuti kuvapo kwoupenyu hwakachenjera nemhindumupindu, kuchienzaniswa nokushanda kwepfungwa dzeHomo sapiens, hakungagoni kuva kwakaitika pane ipi neipi yemapuraneti anooneka muchadenga.” Kuvapo kwedu, masayendisiti acho anogumisa achidaro, “itsaona yakanaka kwazvo isingawanzoitiki.”

Zvose Zvakaitika Netsaona Here?

Iwe unoti kudini? Zvose zviri muchadenga zvinoshamisa zvingadaro zvakavapo netsaona here? Haubvumi here kuti nziyo ipi neipi yakanaka inofanira kuva nomunhu ane unyanzvi akaiimba uye kuti zviridzwa zvacho zvakanga zvakanyatsochunwa kuti ibude zvakanaka? Zvakadini nechadenga chedu chinotyisa? “Tinorarama muchadenga chakanyotsochunwa,” anodaro mazvikokota wemasvomhu anodzidza nezvenyeredzi anonzi David Block. Akagumisa achiti chii? “Chadenga ndiwo musha wedu. Ndinotenda kuti chakagadzirwa noruoko rwaMwari.”

Kana zvirizvo zvaunofunga, ipapo zvechokwadi uchabvuma zvinotaurwa neBhaibheri nezvoMusiki, Jehovha, kuti: “Ndiye wakaita nyika nesimba rake, wakateya nyika nouchenjeri hwake, wakatatamura denga rose nenjere dzake.”—Jeremia 51:15.

[Bhokisi/Mifananidzo iri papeji 8, 9]

PURANETI CHAIYO

“Mamiriro ezvinhu akanaka ari pasi pano chete anokonzerwa nokukura kwaro kwakafanira, zvinhu zvaro zvine maatomu akafanana, uye kutenderera zuva kunoitika padaro rakarurama chaizvo kubva kunyeredzi yagara kwenguva refu, zuva, kwakaita kuti mvura ikwanise kuwanika pamusoro pepasi. Zvakatooma kufungidzira kuvamba kwoupenyu pasina mvura.”—Integrated Principles of Zoology, Sixth Edition.

[Kwazvakatorwa]

NASA photo

 [Bhokisi/Mifananidzo iri papeji 10]

UPENYU—HWAKAVAPO NETSAONA HERE?

Muna 1988 rimwe bhuku rinoedza kutsanangura kuti upenyu hungadaro hwakavapo netsaona rakaongorororwa mumagazini inonzi Search, inobudiswa neAustralian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science. Papeji imwe chete yebhuku racho, munyori wenyaya dzesayenzi L. A. Bennett akawana kuti “zvinhu 16 zvinotaurwa sezvikonzero zvacho, chimwe nechimwe chichitsamira pane chachitangira.” Bennett akagumisa achiti chii paakapedza kuverenga bhuku racho rose? Akanyora kuti “zviri nyore kubvuma kuti Musiki ane rudo rukuru akasika upenyu uye anohutungamirira munzira [dzine chinangwa] . . . pane kubvuma ‘tsaona dzakawanda dzisingazivi’ dzinofanira kuvapo kutsigira zvakataurwa nomunyori uyu.”

[Mifananidzo]

“Photosynthesis” inokosha kwazvo mukugadzirwa kwezvokudya neokisijeni

Chii chakaita kuti pasi pave nezvinhu zvinotsigira upenyu?

Masayendisiti anotsanangura kuti uropi hwomunhu ndicho chinhu chakaoma kunzwisisa zvikuru pane zvose zviri muchadenga. Hwaizogona sei kungovapo netsaona?

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Photo: Zoo de la Casa de Campo, Madrid

Monte Costa, Sea Life Park Hawaii

[Mifananidzo iri papeji 8, 9]

Kukura kwemapuraneti kwakaderedzwa nemwero wakaenzana

Sun (Zuva)

Mercury

Venus

Earth (Pasi)

Mars

Jupiter

Saturn

Uranus

Neptune

Pluto

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Zuva: National Optical Astronomy Observatories; Mercury, Jupiter, neSaturn: Kubva kuNASA/JPL/Caltech/USGS; Venus neUranus: Kubva kuNASA/JPL/Caltech; Earth: NASA photo; Mars: NASA/JPL; Neptune: JPL; Pluto: A. Stern (SwRI), M. Buie (Lowell Obs.), NASA, ESA