Bhaibheri Rine Chiratidzo Chakavigwa Here?

ANENGE makore maviri Mutungamiriri wehurumende yeIsrael Yitzhak Rabin aurayirwa chigaro muna 1995, mumwe mutori wenhau akataura kuti achibetserwa noruzivo rwemakombiyuta, akanga awana zvakanga zvafanotaurwa nezvechiitiko ichocho zvakavigwa murugwaro rweBhaibheri rwokutanga rwechiHebheru. Mutori wenhau wacho, Michael Drosnin, akanyora kuti akanga aedza kunyevera mutungamiriri wehurumende wacho kuchine rinopfuura gore asati aurayirwa chigaro asi hazvina zvazvakabetsera.

Mamwe mabhuku nedzimwe nyaya zvino zvakabudiswa zvichitaura kuti chiratidzo chakavigwa ichi chinopa uchapupu hwakakwana hwokufuridzira kwaMwari Bhaibheri. Chiratidzo chakadaro chiripo here? Chiratidzo chakavigwa ndicho chinofanira kuva hwaro hwokutenda kuti Bhaibheri rakafuridzirwa naMwari here?

Ipfungwa Itsva Here?

Pfungwa yechiratidzo chakavigwa chiri murugwaro rweBhaibheri haisi itsva. Ipfungwa huru iri muCabala, kana kuti zvakavanzika zvetsika yechiJudha. Maererano nevadzidzisi vechiCabala, zvinoreva rugwaro rweBhaibheri rwacho zvakareruka hazvisizvo zvarunonyatsoreva. Vanodavira kuti Mwari akashandisa bhii roga roga rorugwaro rweBhaibheri rechiHebheru sezviratidzo, zvinoti kana zvanyatsonzwisiswa zvinozivisa chokwadi chakakura. Mukuona kwavo, bhii roga roga rechiHebheru nenzvimbo yariri murugwaro rweBhaibheri rakaiswa naMwari ane chinangwa chakananga mupfungwa.

Maererano naJeffrey Satinover, muongorori wechiratidzo cheBhaibheri, ava vaJudha vanodavira zvakavanzika vanotenda kuti mabhii echiHebheru akashandiswa kunyora nhau yokusika muna Genesi ane simba rakavanzika risingadaviriki. Anonyora kuti: “Genesi, mukupfupisa, haisi rondedzero chete; ndicho chinhu chakashandiswa pachiito chokusika chacho, purani chaiyo yaiva mupfungwa dzaMwari yakaitwa kuti ive chinhu chinoonekwa.”

Rabhi wechiCabala wezana remakore rechi13, Bachya ben Asher weSaragossa, Spain, akanyora nezvemamwe mashoko akavigwa akaziviswa kwaari nokurava bhii rechi42 roga roga muchikamu chiri muna Genesi. Muitiro uyu wokusvetuka mabhii maererano nenhevedzano yakati mukuedza kuwana mashoko akavigwa ndipo pakatangira pfungwa iripo mazuva ano yechiratidzo cheBhaibheri.

 Makombiyuta “Anozivisa” Chiratidzo

Nguva yamakombiyuta isati yasvika, unyanzvi hwomunhu hwokuongorora rugwaro rweBhaibheri nenzira iyi hwaiva ushoma. Zvisinei, muna August 1994, magazini inonzi Statistical Science yakabudisa nyaya umo Eliyahu Rips weHebrew University yeJerusalem nevaaiita navo basa rokuongorora vakataura zvinoshamisa. Vakatsanangura kuti nokubvisa nzvimbo dzose dziri pakati pemabhii uye kushandisa muitiro wokusvetuka mabhii akawanda zvakafanana murugwaro rwechiHebheru rwaGenesi, vakanga vawana mazita avanarabhi vakakurumbira 34 akanyorwa nezviratidzo murugwaro rwacho, pamwe chete nemamwe mashoko, akadai semazuva avo okuzvarwa kana kuti okufa, ari pedyo nemazita avo. * Pashure pokuedza kakawanda, vaongorori vacho vakabudisa zvavakawana zvokuti mashoko akanyorwa nezviratidzo muna Genesi maererano nezvakaongororwa haagoni kunge angoerekana aitika—hwaiva uchapupu hwemashoko akafuridzirwa akavigwa namaune sechiratidzo muna Genesi zviuru zvemakore zvakapfuura.

Achivakira pamuitiro uyu, mutori wenhau Drosnin akaongorora oga, achitsvaka mashoko akavigwa mumabhuku mashanu okutanga eBhaibheri rechiHebheru. Maererano naDrosnin, akawana zita raYitzhak Rabin rakanyorwa murugwaro rweBhaibheri nenhevedzano yemabhii 4 772 oga oga. Norugwaro rweBhaibheri rwakarongwa mumitsara yemabhii 4 772 mumwe nomumwe, akaona kuti zita raRabin (rairaviwa richibva kumusoro zvichidzika) raibatana nomutsara (Dheuteronomio 4:42, rwakachinjika) wakashandurwa naDrosnin so“muurayi achaurayira munhu chigaro.”

Dheuteronomio 4:42 chaizvoizvo inotaura nezvomuurayi akauraya asingadi. Saka, vakawanda vakatsoropodza nzira yakashandiswa naDrosnin yokuzvifungira, vachiti nzira dzaakashandisa dzisiri dzesayenzi dzaigona kushandiswa kuwana mashoko akafanana murugwaro chero rwupi zvarwo. Asi Drosnin akaramba akasimba, achitaura mashoko aya anoti: “Kana vatsoropodzi vangu vaona shoko rinotaura nezvokuurayirwa chigaro kwoMutungamiriri wehurumende rakanyorwa mu[novhero] rinonzi Moby Dick, ndichatenda kwavari.”

Uchapupu Hwokufuridzirwa Here?

Purofesa Brendan McKay, weDepartment of Computer Science paNational University yokuAustralia, akaita zvakataurwa naDrosnin ndokutsvaka chaizvo nekombiyuta achishandisa mashoko echiNgezi ebhuku rinonzi Moby Dick. * Achishandisa nzira yakarondedzerwa naDrosnin, McKay anoti akawana “zvakafanotaurwa” zvokuurayirwa chigaro zvaIndira Gandhi, Martin Luther King, Jr., John F. Kennedy, Abraham Lincoln, uye vamwe. Maererano naMcKay, akawana kuti bhuku rinonzi Moby Dick raka“profita”wo kupondwa kwaYitzhak Rabin.

Vachidzokera kurugwaro rwechiHebheru rwaGenesi, Purofesa McKay neshamwari vakapikisawo zvakawanwa nokuongorora kwaRips neshamwari dzake. Vainyunyuta kuti zvakawanwa zvacho hazvinyanyi kubatana neshoko rakanyorwa nechiratidzo rakafuridzirwa kudarika zvazvinoita nenzira uye maitiro evaongorori vacho—kuiswa kwemashoko kunoitwa zvikurukuru nemaonero evaongorori. Kuitirana nharo kwenyanzvi papfungwa iyi kunopfuurira.

Imwe nyaya inomuka kana pakataurwa kuti mashoko akanyorwa akavigwa nemaune murugwaro “runobvumiranwa” kana kuti “rwokutanga” rwechiHebheru. Rips nevaanoita navo basa rokuongorora vanoti vakaongorora vachishandisa “rugwaro runobvumiranwa, runowanzogamuchirwa rwaGenesi.” Drosnin anonyora kuti: “MaBhaibheri ose ari mumutauro wepakutanga wechiHebheru aripo iye zvino akafanana bhii nebhii.” Asi ndozvaakaita here? Panzvimbo porugwaro “runobvumiranwa,” maBhaibheri akasiyana-siyana echiHebheru anoshandiswa nhasi, akashandurwa kubva muzvinyorwa zvekare zvakasiyana-siyana. Nepo shoko reBhaibheri risingasiyani, zvinyorwa zvimwe nezvimwe hazvina kufanana bhii nebhii.

Nhasi shanduro dzakawanda dzakashandurwa kubva muLeningrad Codex—chinyorwa chakakwana chechiHebheru chekare zvikuru chevaMasorete—chakakopwa munenge mugore ra1000 C.E. Asi Rips naDrosnin vakashandisa rugwaro rwakasiyana, runonzi Koren. Shlomo Sternberg, rabhi wechiOrthodox  uye nyanzvi yemasvomhu paYunivhesiti yeHarvard, inotsanangura kuti Leningrad Codex “yakasiyana neyeKoren yakashandiswa naDrosnin nemabhii 41 muna Dheuteronomio oga.” Mipumburu yeGungwa Rakafa inosanganisira zvikamu zvorugwaro rweBhaibheri rwakakopwa anopfuura makore 2 000 akapfuura. Chiperengo chiri mumipumburu iyi chinowanzosiyana zvikuru nemagwaro evaMasorete akazotevera. Mune mimwe mipumburu, mamwe mabhii akawedzerwa chaizvo kuti kunzwika kwemavhawero kuratidzwe, sezvo zvinoratidza panofanira kuenda mavhawero zvakanga zvisati zvatangwa. Mune mimwe mipumburu, mabhii mashoma akashandiswa. Kuenzanisa mipumburu yose yezvinyorwa zveBhaibheri iripo kunoratidza kuti zvinoreva rugwaro rweBhaibheri zvinoramba zvisina kukanganiswa. Asi, zvinoratidzawo zvakajeka kuti chiperengo uye nhamba yemabhii zvinosiyana murugwaro norugwaro.

Kuongorora anganzi mashoko akavigwa kunotsamira parugwaro rusingambochinji. Bhii rimwe rakachinjwa raizovhiringidza zvachose nhevedzano—uye shoko racho kana raivapo. Mwari akachengetedza shoko rake achishandisa Bhaibheri. Asi haana kuchengetedza bhii roga roga risina kukanganiswa, sokunge kuti aingofunga nezvotunhau tuduku twakadai sokuchinja kwezviperengo kwaizoitika nokufamba kwaizoita mazana emakore. Izvi hazviratidzi here kuti haana kuvanza shoko rakavigwa riri muBhaibheri?—Isaya 40:8; 1 Petro 1:24, 25.

Tinoda Chiratidzo cheBhaibheri Chakavigwa Here?

Muapostora Pauro akanyora zvakajeka kwazvo kuti “Rugwaro rwose rwakafuridzirwa naMwari uye runobetsera pakudzidzisa, pakutsiura, pakururamisa zvinhu, pakuranga nokururama, kuti munhu waMwari ave anokwanisa kwazvo, akashongedzerwa zvakakwana basa rose rakanaka.” (2 Timoti 3:16, 17) Shoko rakajeka uye rakananga riri muBhaibheri harina kunyanyooma zvokutadza kurinzwisisa kana kuti kurishandisa, asi vanhu vakawanda vanosarudza kusariteerera. (Dheuteronomio 30:11-14) Uprofita hwakanyorwa zvakajeka muBhaibheri hunopa hwaro hwakasimba hwokutenda kufuridzirwa kwaro. * Kusiyana nechiratidzo chakavigwa, uprofita hweBhaibheri hahusi hwokuzvifungira, uye ‘hahubvi mukududzira kupi nokupi kwakazvimirira kwoga.’—2 Petro 1:19-21.

Muapostora Petro akanyora kuti “hatina kukuzivisai simba nokuvapo kwaShe wedu Jesu Kristu nokutevera ngano dzakanyatsorukwa.” (2 Petro 1:16) Pfungwa yechiratidzo cheBhaibheri yakatanga nokutenda zvakavanzika kwevaJudha, ichishandisa miitiro ya“kanyatsorukwa” iyo inodzikatidza uye inovhiringidza zvinoreva rugwaro rwakafuridzirwa rweBhaibheri zvakajeka. Magwaro echiHebheru pachawo pasina mubvunzo akashora nzira iyoyo yakavanzika.—Dheuteronomio 13:1-5; 18:9-13.

Tinofara sei kuva neshoko nomurayiridzo zveBhaibheri zvakajeka, zvingatibetsera kuziva Mwari! Izvi zviri nani zvikuru pane kuedza kudzidza nezvoMusiki wedu nokutsvaka mashoko akavigwa anobva mukududzira kwakazvimirira kwoga uye kufungidzira kunobetserwa nekombiyuta.—Mateu 7:24, 25.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]