Vanababa veChechi—Vaiva Vatsigiri Vechokwadi cheBhaibheri Here?

Ungazviti uri muKristu kana kuti hausi, kunzwisisa kwaunoita Mwari weBhaibheri, Jesu, uye chiKristu kungadai kwakakonzerwa navo. Mumwe wavo ainzi Muromo Wendarama, mumwe ainzi Mukuru. Pamwe chete, vakatsanangurwa se“vakakwirira vanofananidzira upenyu hwaKristu.” Ndivanaani? Vafungi, nevanyori, nevatungamiriri, uye vazivi vechitendero vekare vakaumba kufunga kwanhasi kwakawanda kwe“chiKristu.”—VanaBaba veChechi.

PUROFESA wezvidzidzo zvechitendero weGreek Orthodox anonzi Demetrios J. Constantelos, anoti: “Bhaibheri harisi iro shoko raMwari rose. Mweya Mutsvene unoratidza shoko raMwari haungavi wakangoperera mumapeji ebhuku.” Ndepapizve pamwe pakavimbika pangabva zvinoratidzwa naMwari? Constantelos anosimbisa mubhuku rake rinonzi Understanding the Greek Orthodox Church kuti: “Tsika Tsvene neMagwaro Matsvene zvinoonekwa sezvinhu zviviri zvinoenderana.”

Musimboti we“Tsika Tsvene” idzodzo unosanganisira dzidziso nezvinyorwa zvavanaBaba veChechi. Vakanga vari vatungamiriri vechitendero vakakurumbira uye vazivi ve“chiKristu” vakararama pakati pezana remakore rechipiri nerechishanu C.E. Vakachinja mafungiro e“chiKristu” chanhasi kusvika papi? Vaiomerera kuBhaibheri mune zvavaidzidzisa here? Chii chinofanira kuva hwaro hwakasimba hwechokwadi chechiKristu kumuteveri waJesu Kristu?

Nhoroondo Yekwazvakabva

Pakati pezana remakore rechipiri C.E., vaizviti vaKristu vaidzivirira kutenda kwavo kubva kuvatambudzi vechiRoma pamwe nevairamba kutenda. Zvisinei, iyi yakanga iri nguva yezvizhinji zvaitaurwa nevatungamiriri vechitendero. Nharo dzechitendero nezvokuva “mwari” kwaJesu uye zvakaita mudzimu mutsvene nokushanda kwaunoita zvakakonzera zvinopfuura kungopesana mumafungiro. Kusawirirana kukuru uye kupesana kusingagadzirisiki pamusoro pedzidziso dze“chiKristu” kwakapararira zvikuru kuchipinda mune zvematongerwe enyika nezvetsika, dzimwe nguva zvichikonzera bongozozo, kumukira, kusagadzikana kwezvinhu munyika, kunyange hondo. Munyori wenhau dzakaitika Paul Johnson anonyora kuti: “ChiKristu [Chokuramba Kutenda] chakatanga chakavhiringika, chine gakava uye chisina kurongeka uye chakapfuurira chakangodaro. . . . Pakati nokumabvazuva kweMediterranean muzana remakore  rokutanga nerechipiri AD kwakanga kwakazara nepfungwa dzechitendero dzisingaverengeki, dzichitamburira kuti dzizviparadzire. . . . Kubva pakutanga panguva iyoyo, kwaive nemarudzi echiKristu akawanda akanga ane zvishomanana zvakafanana.

Panguva iyoyo, vanyori nevafungi vaiona kuti zvakakodzera kududzira dzidziso dze“chiKristu” vachishandisa mashoko ouzivi vakatanga kuwanda. Kuti vagutse vemarudzi vakanga vakadzidza vaive vachangotendeukira kuchinowanzonzi “chiKristu,” vanyori vechitendero vakadaro vainyanyovimba zvikuru nemabhuku echiGiriki nechiJudha omunguva yakanga yapfuura. Kutanga naJustin Martyr (munenge muna 100-165 C.E.), akanyora muchiGiriki, vaizviti vaKristu vakasvika pakuwedzera kusanzwisisika mukuzviwiriranisa kwavo nenhaka youzivi hwetsika dzechiGiriki.

Katsika aka kakabereka zvibereko muzvinyorwa zvaOrigen (munenge muna 185-254 C.E.), munyori wechiGiriki weArekizandriya. Rondedzero yaOrigen inonzi On First Principles ndiyo yakatanga kuramba ichitsanangura dzidziso huru dzechitendero che“chiKristu” mumashoko ouzivi hwechiGiriki. Dare reNicaea (325 C.E.), nokuedza kwaro kutsanangura nokusimbisa kuti Kristu ndi“mwari,” ndiro rakaita kuti pave nesimba idzva rokududzira zvinoreva dzidziso dze“chiKristu.” Dare iroro rakatara mavambo enguva iyo matare emachechi akada kurondedzera dzidziso zvakanyatsorurama kudarika kare.

Vanyori Nevadetembi

Eusebius weKesariya, akanyora panguva yeDare reNicaea rokutanga, akashamwaridzana noMutongi Constantine. Kweanoda kuti pfuurei makore 100 pashure peNicaea, vakuru vechitendero, vazhinji vacho vachinyora muchiGiriki, vakabudisa yaizova dzidziso yechiKristudhomu inoratidza mutsauko, yeUtatu, mugakava raityisa rakatora nguva refu. Vakanga vari vakuru pakati pavo vaiva Athanasius, bhishopi aiva nesimba weArekizandiriya uye vatungamiriri vechechi vatatu vaibva kuKapadhokiya, Asia Minor—Basil Mukuru, mukoma wake Gregory weNyssa, neshamwari yavo Gregory weNazianzus.

Vanyori nevaparidzi vepanguva iyoyo vakasvika pachinhanho chikuru chokugona kutsvetera. Gregory weNazianzus naJohn Chrysostom (kureva “Muromo Wendarama”) muchiGiriki uyewo Ambrose weMilan naAugustine weHippo muchiLatin vakanga vari nyanzvi dzokudetemba, vakuru vakuru vorudzi rwounyanzvi hwairemekedzwa uye hwakanga hwakakurumbira kwazvo panguva yavo. Munyori aipfuura vamwe vose panguva iyoyo akanga ari Augustine. Nhetembo dzake dzechitendero dzakaumba mafungiro e“chiKristu” chanhasi pamwero mukuru. Jerome, murume aizivikanwa zvikuru akanga akadzidza wepanguva iyoyo, ndiye aiva mushanduri mukuru weshanduro yechiLatin yeBhaibheri rinonzi Vulgate kubva mumitauro yepakutanga.

Zvisinei, mibvunzo inokosha ndeyokuti: VanaBaba veChechi ivavo vainyatsotevedzera Bhaibheri here? Mukudzidzisa kwavo, vaiomerera paMagwaro akafuridzirwa here? Zvinyorwa zvavo inhungamiro yakanaka yokuwana zivo yakarurama yaMwari here?

Idzidziso dzaMwari Here Kana Kuti Dzevanhu?

Munguva pfupi yapfuura, Bhishopi weGreek Orthodox anonzi Methodius wokuPisidia akanyora bhuku rinonzi The Hellenic Pedestal of Christianity kuti aratidze kuti tsika nouzivi zvechiGiriki zvakagovera hwaro hwemafungiro  e“chiKristu” chanhasi. Mubhuku iroro, iye anobvuma pasina kuzengurira kuti: “Vanenge vanaBaba veChechi vose vakakurumbira vakaona zvinhu zvechiGiriki zvichishanda zvikuru, uye vakazvitora kubva kutsika dzekare dzechiGiriki, vachizvishandisa senzira yokunzwisisa nayo uye kutsanangura zvakarurama chokwadi chechiKristu.”

Somuenzaniso, funga pfungwa yokuti Baba, Mwanakomana, uye mudzimu mutsvene zvinoumba Utatu. VanaBaba veChechi vakawanda vakava vanhu vanodavira Utatu zvakasimba pashure peDare reNicaea. Zvinyorwa zvavo nezvavaitsanangura zvakanga zvichikosha pakuita kuti Utatu ive dzidziso inokosha yechiKristudhomu. Zvisinei, Utatu hunowanikwa muBhaibheri here? Kwete. Saka VanaBaba veChechi vakahuona kupi? Bhuku rinonzi A Dictionary of Religious Knowledge rinoti vakawanda vanotaura kuti Utatu “kukanganiswa kwezvinhu zvakarurama kwakatorwa kuzvitendero zvechihedheni, uye hwakabatanidzwa nokutenda kwechiKristu.” Uye bhuku rinonzi The Paganism in Our Christianity rinosimbisa kuti “Mavambo o[Utatu] ndeechihedheni zvachose.” *—Johani 3:16; 14:28.

Kana kuti funga nezvedzidziso yokusafa kwomweya, kudavira kuti chimwe chikamu chomunhu chinopfuurira kurarama muviri wafa. Uyezve, vanaBaba veChechi ndivo vakashanda pakuunza pfungwa iyi kuchitendero chakanga chisina dzidziso yokuti mweya unopona parufu. Bhaibheri rinoratidza zvakajeka kuti mweya unofa: “Mweya unotadza, uchafa.” (Ezekieri 18:4) VanaBaba veChechi vaiwana kupi pfungwa yokudavira kusafa kwomweya? “Pfungwa yechiKristu yomweya womudzimu wakasikwa naMwari ndokuiswa mumuviri pakunambwa kuita kuti munhu ave chinhu chimwe chete chinorarama yakabva pane zvakaitika kwenguva refu muuzivi hwechiKristu. Origen paakanga ari  kuMabvazuva uye St. Augustine ari kuMadokero ndipo apo mweya wakapinzwa pane zvokunamata uye ndipo pakatangwa pfungwa youzivi pamusoro pezvawakaita. . . [Dzidziso yaAugustine] . . . yaiva nezvakawanda (kusanganisira zvikanganiso) kubva kudzidziso dzaPlato dzemweya isingafi,” inodaro New Catholic Encyclopedia. Uye magazini inonzi Presbyterian Life inoti: “Kusafa kwomweya ipfungwa yechiGiriki yakatangwa mumapoka echitendero ekare asingazivikanwi ikatsanangurwa nomuzivi Plato.” *

Hwaro Hwakasimba Hwechokwadi chechiKristu

Kunyange pashure pokuongorora kwakabva vanaBaba veChechi, uyewo kwakatangira dzidziso dzavo, zvakakodzera kubvunza kuti, muKristu akatendeka anofanira kuvakira zvaanodavira padzidziso dzavanaBaba veChechi here? Bhaibheri ngaripindure.

Kutanga, Jesu Kristu pachake akaramba kushandiswa kwezita rokuremekedza rechitendero rokuti “Baba” paakati: “Musadana munhu kuti baba venyu pasi pano, nokuti Baba venyu vamwe chete, Ivo vokudenga.” (Mateu 23:9) Kushandiswa kweshoko rokuti “Baba” kune mumwe munhu wechitendero hakusi kwechiKristu uye hakusi mumagwaro. Shoko raMwari rakanyorwa rakapedzwa munenge muna 98 C.E. nezvinyorwa zvomuapostora Johani. Nokudaro vaKristu vechokwadi havafaniri kutarira kune munhu upi noupi saiye ane kuratidzwa kwakafuridzirwa. Vanoita nokuchenjera kuti ‘vasaite kuti shoko raMwari rishaye simba’ nemhaka yetsika dzevanhu. Kuita kuti tsika dzevanhu dzitore nzvimbo yeShoko raMwari kunouraya mumudzimu. Jesu akanyevera kuti: “Kana bofu rikatungamirira bofu, ose ari maviri achawira mugomba.”—Mateu 15:6, 14.

MuKristu angada kumwe kuratidzwa kupi nokupi kunze kweShoko raMwari riri muBhaibheri here? Kwete. Bhuku raZvakazarurwa rinorambidza kuwedzera chinhu chipi nechipi pane zvakanyorwa zvakafuridzirwa rinoti: “Kana munhu akawedzera pazvinhu izvi, Mwari achamuwedzera matambudziko akanyorwa mumupumburu uyu.”—Zvakazarurwa 22:18.

Chokwadi chechiKristu chiri muShoko raMwari rakanyorwa, Bhaibheri. (Johani 17:17; 2 Timoti 3:16; 2 Johani 1-4) Kurinzwisisa zvakarurama hakutsamiri pauzivi hwenyika. Nezvevanhu vakaedza kushandisa uchenjeri hwevanhu kuti vatsanangure zvakaratidzwa naMwari, zvakakodzera kudzokorora mibvunzo yomuapostora Pauro yokuti: “Munhu akachenjera ari kupi? Munyori ari kupi? Ane nharo wegadziriro ino yezvinhu ari kupi? Mwari haana kuita uchenjeri hwenyika ino upenzi here?”—1 VaKorinde 1:20.

Uyezve, ungano yechiKristu yechokwadi i“mbiru nechitsigiso chechokwadi.” (1 Timoti 3:15) Vatariri vayo vanochengetedza kuchena kwedzidziso dzavo muungano, vachidzivisa dzidziso dzose dzinosvibisa kuti dzirege kupinda mairi. (2 Timoti 2:15-18, 25) Vanobvisa ‘vaprofita venhema, vadzidzisi venhema uye mapoka anoparadza’ muungano. (2 Petro 2:1) Vaapostora vafa, vanaBaba veChechi vakabvumira “kutaura kwakafuridzirwa kunotsausa nedzidziso dzemadhimoni” kuti kudzike midzi muungano yechiKristu.—1 Timoti 4:1.

Migumisiro yokuramba kutenda uku inooneka muchiKristudhomu nhasi. Zvitendero zvacho nemiitiro zvakasiyana nokure nechokwadi cheBhaibheri.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

 [Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 18]

Vanababa Vekapadhokia

“Chechi yeOrthodox . . . inoremekedza vanyori vezana remakore rechina, uye zvikurukuru kune vaya vainoti ‘Vatungamiriri vechitendero vatatu Vakuru,’ Gregory weNazianzus, Basil Mukuru, naJohn Chrysostom,” anodaro munyori Kallistos, mumongi. VanaBaba veChechi ava vanovakira dzidziso dzavo paMagwaro akafuridzirwa here? NezvaBasil Mukuru, bhuku rinonzi The Fathers of the Greek Church rinoti: “Dzidziso dzake dzinoratidza kuti akanyora nomunyorero waPlato, Homer, uye vanyori venhau nevadetembi, uye vakapesvedzera zvikuru chidavado chake. . . Basil akaramba ari mu‘Giriki.’” Ndozvakaitawo Gregory weNazianzus. “Mukuona kwake kukunda uye ukuru hweChechi zvaigona kuratidzwa zvakanakisisa mukutora kwayo zvizere maitiro etsika dzekare.”

Nezvavo vose vari vatatu, Purofesa Panagiotis K. Christou anonyora kuti: “Nepo vachiwanzonyevera nezve‘uzivi nounyengeri husina maturo’ [VaKorose 2:8]—kuitira kuti vawirirane nemirayiro yeTestamende Itsva—panguva imwe chete iyoyo vanodzidza nomwoyo wose uzivi nemimwe mitemo inoenderana nahwo uye kunyange kutokurudzira vamwe kuhudzidza.” Zviri pachena kuti vadzidzisi vechechi vakadaro vaifunga kuti Bhaibheri rakanga risina kukwana kuti ritsigire pfungwa dzavo. Ko kutsvaka kwavo rimwe simba rinotsigira rakasiyana neiri kunoreva kuti dzidziso dzavo hadzisi dzomuBhaibheri here? Muapostora Pauro akanyevera vaKristu vechiHebheru kuti: “Musatsauswa nedzidziso dzakasiyana-siyana uye itsva.”—VaHebheru 13:9.

[Kwazvakatorwa]

© Archivo Iconografico, S.A./CORBIS

[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 20]

Cyril Wearekizandriya—Baba Wechechi Anoitiranwa Nharo

Mumwe wevanhu vanoitiranwa nharo zvikuru pakati pavanababa veChechi ndiCyril weArekizandriya (munenge muna 375-444 C.E.). Munyori wenhau dzechechi dzakaitika Hans von Campenhausen anomutsanangura se“akaoma musoro, ane chisimba, uye anonyengera, akazadzwa noukuru hwebasa rake uye rukudzo rwenzvimbo yake,” uye anowedzera kuti “haaimboona chinhu sechakarurama kunze kwokunge chichimubatsira mukuwedzera simba rake nokudzora. . . Utsinye nouori hwemaitiro ake hazvaimbomuodza mwoyo.” Paakanga ari bhishopi weArekizandriya, Cyril aishandisa chiokomuhomwe, kusvibisa mazita evamwe, uye kuchera kuitira kuti akudubure bhishopi weConstantinople pachigaro. Anonzi ndiye ane chokuita nokupondwa kwoutsinye muna 415 C.E. kwomuzivi aizivikanwa zvikuru anonzi Hypatia. Nezvezvinyorwa zvaCyril zvechitendero, Campenhausen anoti: “Akatanga muitiro wokusarudza mibvunzo yechitendero kwete kungobva muBhaibheri chete asi achibatsirwa nemashoko akakodzera uye miunganidzwa yemashoko akataurwa nenyanzvi dzaizivikanwa.”

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 19]

Jerome

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Garo Nalbandian