Ichokwadi Here Kuti Abrahamu Aiva Nengamera?

BHAIBHERI rinotaura kuti ngamera zvimwe zvezvipfuwo zvakapiwa Abrahamu naFarao. (Gen. 12:16) Mushandi waAbrahamu paakaita rwendo rwurefu rwokuenda kuMesopotamiya, “akatora ngamera gumi pangamera dzatenzi wake.” Saka Bhaibheri rinoratidza zvakajeka kuti anenge makore 4 000 apfuura, Abrahamu aiva nengamera.

Vamwe havabvumirani nazvo. New International Version Archaeological Study Bible inoti: “Vanoongorora Bhaibheri vanoti mashoko aya pamusoro pengamera haana kururama nokuti vakawanda vavo vanoti mhuka idzi dzakanga dzisati dzava kuchengetwa  nevanhu kutozosvikira munenge muna 1200 B.C., Abrahamu ava nemakore afa.” Saka chero zvinotaurwa neBhaibheri kuti zvakaitika panguva iyoyo nezvengamera zvinoonekwa sezvisingawirirani nenguva yakaitika zviitiko zvacho.

Zvisinei, vamwe vanoongorora Bhaibheri vanoti kunyange zvazvo vanhu vakazotanga kukoshesa kuchengetwa kwengamera anenge makore 3 000 apfuura, hazvirevi kuti ngamera dzakanga dzisina kumbobvira dzashandiswa. Bhuku rinonzi Civilizations of the Ancient Near East rinoti: “Tsvakurudzo ichangobva kuitwa inoratidza kuti vanhu vokumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweArabia vaichengeta ngamera makore anopfuura 4 000 apfuura. Dzakatanga dzichichengeterwa mukaka, mvere, matehwe, uye nyama, asi vanhu vangangodaro vakazokurumidza kuziva kuti vaigona kudzishandisa pakutakura zvinhu.” Kuchengetwa kwengamera Abrahamu asati avapo kunoita sokuti kunotsigirwa nezvimedu zvemabhonzo uye zvimwe zvakawanikwa pakuchera matongo.

Uye panewo mashoko akanyorwa anotsigira izvi. Bhuku rimwe chete iri rinoti: “KuMesopotamiya, kune mashoko akanyorwa anotaurawo nezvechisikwa ichi [ngamera] uye zvidhindo zvakati wandei zvine mufananidzo wacho, zvichiratidza kuti chingangodaro chakasvika kuMesopotamiya anenge makore 4 000 apfuura,” kureva panguva yaAbrahamu.

Vamwe vanoongorora Bhaibheri vanofunga kuti vanhu vokuSouth Arabia vakasvitsa ngamera kunzvimbo idzi pavaidzishandisa kutakura rusenzi vachinotengesa vachipfuura nomurenje vakananga kuchamhembe kunzvimbo dzakadai seIjipiti neSiriya. Bhizimisi iri ringangodaro rakanga ratokurumbira pakazosvika 2000 B.C.E. Bhaibheri rinotaurawo pana Genesisi 37:25-28 nezvevaIshmaeri vaishandisa ngamera kutakura rusenzi vachinotengesa kuIjipiti anenge makore zana pashure penguva yaAbrahamu.

Zvichida ngamera dzaisanyanya kushandiswa kare kuMiddle East anenge makore 4 000 apfuura, asi uchapupu hunenge hunoratidza kuti dzaivako. The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia rinoti: “Hazvichaiti kuti titi mashoko okuti Abrahamu aiva nengamera haawirirani nenguva yaakararama sezvo uchapupu hwezvakacherwa mumatongo huchiratidza kuti ngamera dzaichengetwa nevanhu Abrahamu asati avako.”