Siasi mo e Puleʻanga ʻi Paisenitiumé

KO E tokotaha-fokotuʻu ʻo e lotu faka-Kalisitiané naʻá ne fakahaaʻi mātuʻaki māʻalaʻala ʻa e faikehekehe lahi ʻa ia ʻoku totonu ke ʻi ai ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo hono kau muimuí pea mo e māmani ʻo e faʻahinga ʻo e tangatá ʻoku mavahe mei he ʻOtuá. Naʻe tala ʻe Sīsū ki hono kau muimuí: “Ka ne ʻo māmani ʻakimoutolu, pehē ʻe ʻofa ʻa māmani ki he meʻa ʻaʻana: ka ko e meʻa ʻi he ʻikai ʻo māmani ʻa kimoutolu kae, kehe, ko e fili kimoutolu ʻe au mei māmani, ko hono ʻuhingā ʻe ʻoku fehiʻa ai ʻa māmani kiate kimoutolu.” (Sione 15:19) Kia Pailato, ko ha fakafofonga ʻo e mafai fakapolitikale ʻi hono ʻahó, naʻe fakahaaʻi ki ai ʻe Sīsū: “Ko hoku puleʻanga ʻoku ʻikai ʻo e maama ko eni.”​—Sione 18:36.

Koeʻuhi ke fakahoko honau fatongia ke malanga “ʻo aʻu ki he ngataʻanga ʻo māmani,” naʻe pau ai ke fakaʻehiʻehi ʻa e kau Kalisitiané mei hono fakahohaʻasi ʻe he ngaahi meʻa fakamāmaní.  (Ngāue 1:8) ʻI he hangē ko Sīsuú, ʻe ʻikai ke kau ʻa e muʻaki kau Kalisitiané ʻi he ngaahi meʻa fakapolitikí. (Sione 6:​15) Naʻe malava ke fakatokangaʻi naʻe ʻikai ke kau ʻa e kau Kalisitiane loto-tōnungá ʻi hono maʻu ʻa e ngaahi fatongia fakapuleʻangá pe ngaahi tuʻunga pulé. Naʻe faifai pē ʻo liliu ʻa e meʻá ni.

“ʻO Māmani”

ʻI ha taimi hili ʻa e mate ʻa e tokotaha fakamuimui taha ʻi he kau ʻapositoló, naʻe kamata loto-lelei ai ʻa e kau taki lotú ke liliu ʻenau ngaahi fakakaukau fekauʻaki mo kinautolú tonu pea mo ʻenau felāveʻi mo e māmaní. Naʻa nau kamata fakakaukau ki ha “puleʻanga” ʻa ia naʻe ʻikai ke ngata pē ʻi heʻene ʻi he māmaní ka ko ha toe konga ʻo ia. Ko ha vakai ki he anga ʻo e tuifio ʻa e lotú mo e ngaahi meʻa fakapolitikí ʻi he ʻEmipaea Paisenitainé​—ʻa e ʻEmipaea Loma Hahaké, mo hono kolomuʻá ʻi Paisenitiume (ko ʻIsitenipulu ia he taimí ni)​—ʻe fakamoʻoniʻi ʻa ʻene fakamāmá.

ʻI ha sōsaieti ʻa ia ʻoku fakahoko fakaetalatukufakaholo ai ʻe he lotú ha ngafa lahi, ko e Siasi Paisenitainé, mo hono senitā ʻi Paisenitiumé, naʻá ne maʻu ha mafai lahi. Ko e faihisitōlia ʻo e Siasí ko Panayotis Christou naʻá ne pehē ʻi he taimi ʻe taha: “Naʻe fakakaukau ʻa e kau Paisenitainé ki honau ʻemipaea fakamāmaní ko ha ʻīmisi ia ʻo e Puleʻanga ʻo e ʻOtuá.” Kae kehe, ko e mafai fakaʻemipolá naʻe ʻikai ke kau maʻu pē ia ʻi he anga ʻo e fakakaukau ko iá. Ko hono olá, ko e vā ʻo e Siasí mo e Puleʻangá naʻe moveuveu ia ʻi he taimi ʻe niʻihi. ʻOku fakamatala ʻa e The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium: “Ko e kau pīsope ʻo Konisitanitinopalé [pe Paisenitiumé] naʻa nau fakahāhā ha tuʻunga lahi ʻo e tōʻongá, ʻo kau ai ʻa e fakaongoongo loto-foʻi ki ha tokotaha-pule mālohi . . . , ngāue lavameʻa fakataha mo e ʻemipolá . . . , pea mo e fakafepaki fefeka ki he finangalo ʻo e ʻemipolá.”

Ko e pēteliake ʻo Konisitanitinopalé, ʻa e  ʻulu ʻo e Siasi Fakahahaké, naʻá ne hoko ko ha tokotaha mātuʻaki faitākiekina lahi. Ko ia naʻá ne fakakalauni ʻa e ʻemipolá, ʻo ne ʻamanekina ai ia ke ne hoko ko ha tokotaha taukapoʻi mālohi ʻo e tui faka-ʻOfotokisií. Ko e pēteliaké naʻá ne toe koloaʻia ʻaupito, koeʻuhi naʻá ne puleʻi ʻa e ngaahi koloa lahi fakaʻulia ʻa e siasí. Naʻe maʻu lahi ʻa hono mālohí mei heʻene maʻu ʻa e tuʻunga mafai ki he kau mōnike tokolahi taʻefaʻalaua pea pehē ki heʻene tākiekina ʻa e kakai taʻemaʻulakanga ʻo e siasí.

Ko e pēteliaké naʻá ne faʻa ʻi ha tuʻunga ke ne taʻetokaʻi ʻa e ʻemipolá. Naʻe lava ke ne fakamanaʻi ʻa e kapusi mei he siasí​—ʻo fokotuʻu atu ʻa hono lotó ʻi he huafa ʻo e ʻOtuá ​—pe ngāueʻaki ʻa e ngaahi founga kehe ʻa ia ʻe lava ke fakahifo ai ʻa e kau ʻemipolá.

ʻI he hōloa māmālie ʻa e puleʻi fakasivilé ʻi tuʻa ʻi he kolomuʻá, naʻe faʻa hoko ai ʻa e kau pīsopé ko e kau tangata maʻu mafai lahi taha ia ʻi honau ngaahi koló, ʻo nau maʻu mafai tatau pē mo e kau kōvana fakavahé, ʻa ia naʻa nau tokoni ki hono filí. Naʻe tokanga ʻa e kau pīsopé ki he ngaahi keisi fakaefakamāú pea mo e pisinisi fakamāmaní ʻi ha taimi pē naʻe kau ai ki ai ʻa e siasí​—pea aʻu ki he ngaahi  taimi naʻe ʻikai aí. Ko ha toe tuʻunga tefito ʻe taha he ko e kau pātelé mo e kau mōniké, ʻa ia naʻa nau moʻulaloa kotoa ki honau kau pīsope fakafeituʻú, naʻe laui mano ʻa honau tokolahí.

Ngaahi Meʻa Fakapolitikí mo e Fakatau Tuʻungá

Hangē ko ia ʻoku fakahaaʻi ʻi ʻolungá, naʻe hoko ʻa e lakanga fakafaifekaú ʻo tuifio taʻealaveteki mo e ngaahi meʻa fakapolitikí. ʻIkai ngata aí, ko e fuʻu tokolahi ʻo e kau faifekaú mo ʻenau ngaahi ngāue fakalotu naʻe fiemaʻú naʻe kau ki ai ʻa e fuʻu paʻanga lahi. Ko e tokolahi taha ʻo e haʻa faifekau tuʻunga māʻolungá naʻa nau moʻui tuʻumālie. ʻI hono maʻu ʻe he siasí ʻa e mafaí mo e koloá, naʻe mole ai ʻa e tuʻunga masivesiva fakaʻapositoló mo e tuʻunga māʻoniʻoní. Ko e kau pātele mo e kau pīsope ʻe niʻihi naʻa nau totongiʻi ʻa honau fakanofó. Naʻe failahia ʻa e fakatau tuʻungá ʻo aʻu ki he ngaahi tuʻunga māʻolunga taha ʻo e mafaí. Ko e kau faifekau naʻe poupouʻi ʻe he kau fakafofonga fakafepaki koloaʻiá naʻa nau feʻauʻauhi ki he ngaahi lakanga fakasiasí ʻi he ʻao ʻo e ʻemipolá.

Ko e ngaahi totongi fufuú ko ha toe founga ia ki hono tākiekina ʻa e kau taki lotu māʻolungá. ʻI he taimi naʻe hanga ai ʻe ʻEmipola Fefine Zoe (978-​1050 T.S. nai) ʻo ʻai ke fakapoongi hono husepāniti ko Romanus III peá ne loto ke ne mali mo hono ʻofaʻangá pea ko e tokotaha ʻe lava ke hoko ko ʻEmipola Michael IV, naʻá ne fekauʻi fakavave ai ʻa Pēteliake Alexius ke haʻu ki he palasí. Naʻe ʻiloʻi ai ʻe he pēteliaké ʻa e mate ʻa Romanus pea mo e fatongia fakapēteliake naʻe ʻamanekina ke ne faí. Ko hono kātoangaʻi ʻe he siasí ʻa e Falaite Leleí ʻi he efiafi ko iá naʻe ʻikai te ne ʻai ai ke faingofua ange ʻa e ngaahi tuʻungá kia Alexius. Kae kehe, naʻá ne tali ʻa e ngaahi meʻaʻofa nima-homo naʻe ʻoange ʻe he ʻemipola fefiné pea fakatōliʻa ʻa ʻene kolé.

Fakaongoongo ki he ʻEmipolá

ʻI he ngaahi taimi lolotonga ʻa e hisitōlia ʻo e ʻEmipaea Paisenitainé, naʻe ngāueʻaki moʻoni ai ʻe he ʻemipolá ʻa ʻene totonu ʻi hono tuʻungá ʻi he hoko mai ki he fili ʻo e pēteliake ʻo Konisitanitinopalé. Lolotonga ʻa e ngaahi vahaʻa taimi ko iá, naʻe ʻikai lava ke hoko ha taha ko ha pēteliake pe nofo fuoloa ai ʻi he ʻikai ke finangalo ki ai ʻa e ʻemipolá.

Ko ʻEmipola Andronicus II (1260-​1332) naʻá ne ʻiloʻi ʻa e fiemaʻu ke fetongi tuʻo hiva ʻa e kau pēteliaké. ʻI he lahi taha ʻo e ngaahi keisi peheé, ko e taumuʻá ke fokotuʻu ʻa e kanititeiti ʻe malava lahi taha ke ʻulutukua ki he lakanga fakapēteliaké. Fakatatau ki he tohi ko e The Byzantines, naʻe aʻu ʻo palōmesi ʻa e pēteliake ʻe taha ʻi ha tohi ki he ʻemipolá “ke ne fai ha meʻa pē te ne kounaʻí, neongo pe ko e hā hono lahi ʻa ʻene taʻefakalaó, pea ke fakaʻehiʻehi mei hano fai ha meʻa pē ʻoku taʻefakahōifua kiate ia.” Naʻe tuʻo ua ʻa e feinga ʻa e kau ʻemipolá ke fokotuʻu honau lotó ki he siasí ʻaki hono fakatapui ke hoko ko e pēteliake ha pilinisi ʻo e fāmili ʻo e ʻemipolá. Ko ʻEmipola Romanus I naʻá ne hiki hake ʻa hono foha ko Theophylact, ko ha kiʻi taʻu 16 pē, ki he lakanga fakapēteliaké.

Kapau naʻe ʻikai ke fakahōifuaʻi ia ʻe ha pēteliake, ʻe fakamālohiʻi nai ia ʻe he ʻemipolá ke ne fakafisi pe fekau ha sinoti ke toʻo ia mei he lakangá. ʻOku pehē ʻe he tohi ko e Byzantium: “Naʻe ʻalu ki he lahi ange ʻi he ʻalunga ʻo e hisitōlia Paisenitainé ʻa e ngaahi tuʻunga mafai māʻolunga angé pea naʻa mo e tākiekina hangatonu ʻa e ʻEmipolá naʻe [hoko] ʻo ne fakahoko ha tafaʻaki mālohi ʻi hono fili ʻa e kau pīsopé.”

ʻI he ʻi hono tafaʻakí ʻa e pēteliaké, naʻe toe tokangaʻi ai ʻe he ʻemipolá ʻa e ngaahi kosilio fakasiasí. Naʻá ne tataki ʻa e ngaahi tipeití, faʻu ʻa e ngaahi kupu ʻo e tuí, pea fakakikihi mo e kau pīsopé pea pehē ki he kau tui lotu heé, ʻa ia kiate kinautolu naʻe ʻa e ʻemipolá ʻa e lau fakaʻosí​—ko e mate ʻi he ʻakau. Naʻe toe fakapapauʻi mo fakahoko ʻe he ʻemipolá ʻa e ngaahi tuʻutuʻuni naʻe tali ʻi he kosilió. Naʻá ne tukuakiʻi ʻa e faʻahinga naʻa nau fakafepaki kiate iá ʻo  ʻikai ngata pē ki he talisone ka ko e hoko ko e ngaahi fili ʻo e tuí pea mo e ʻOtuá. “Kuo pau ke ʻikai fai ha meʻa ʻi he Siasí ʻa ia ʻoku fepaki mo e finangalo pea mo e ngaahi fekau ʻa e ʻEmipolá,” ko e lau ia ʻa ha pēteliake ʻe taha ʻi he senituli hono onó. Ko e kau pīsope takatakai ʻi he fakamaauʻangá​—ko e kau tangata fakaʻalingalelei mo ʻulutukua, tākiekina ngofua ʻe he fakahāhaaʻi poto ʻo e leleiʻiá mo e alea pōtoʻi​—ʻi he fakalūkufuá naʻe siʻi ʻenau lea fakafepakí hangē ko honau tokotaha māʻolungá.

Hangē ko ení, ʻi he taimi naʻe hanga ai ʻe Pēteliake Ignatius (799-​878 T.S. nai) ʻo fakafisingaʻi ʻa e komuniō ki he Faifekau Pule ko Bardas, naʻe fakafetauʻi mai ia ʻe he faifekaú. Naʻe fakahalaiaʻi ai ʻe Bardas ʻa Ignatius ki he meʻa naʻe taku ko ha faʻufaʻufono pea mo e talisone. Naʻe puke ai ʻa e pēteliaké ʻo kapusi. ʻI hono fetongí, naʻe fakahoko ai ʻe he faifekaú ʻa hono fili ʻo Photius, ko ha tangata naʻe ʻikai ko ha faifekau ʻa ia ʻi loto ʻi he ʻaho ʻe ono naʻá ne mahiki hake ai ki he lakanga māʻolunga taha ʻo e ngaahi tuʻunga fakasiasi kotoa pē, ʻo iku ki heʻene aʻu ki he tuʻunga ʻo e pēteliaké. Naʻe taau ʻa Photius ki he lakanga fakalaumālie ko iá? Naʻe fakamatalaʻi ia ko ha tangata “ʻo e taumuʻa māʻolunga tahá, fieʻeiki anga-kehe pea pōtoʻi fakapolitikale taʻetoelakasi.”

Tokāteliné ʻi he Ngaahi Meʻa Fakapolitikí

Naʻe tākiekina ʻa e kau ʻemipola tokolahi ʻe he tui faka-ʻOfotokisií mo e lotu heé ʻa ia naʻe faʻa fakapuliki ai ʻa e fakafepaki fakapolitikalé, pea mo e ngaahi meʻa fakapolitikalé kae ʻikai ko ha holi ke fakahoko mai ʻa e ngaahi tokāteline foʻoú. ʻI he lave fakalūkufuá, naʻe puke ʻe he ʻemipolá ʻa e totonu ke fai tuʻutuʻuni ki he tokāteliné pea ke kounaʻi ʻa e talangofua ʻa e siasí ki hono lotó.

Ko e fakatātaá, ko ʻEmipola Heraclius (575-​641 T.S.) naʻá ne feinga mālohi ke fakaleleiʻi ha māvahevahe ʻi he fekauʻaki mo e natula ʻo Kalaisí ʻa ia naʻá ne fakamanaʻi ke vahevahe ʻa hono ʻemipaea hōloa mo vaivaí. ʻI he feinga ke fakangalokú, naʻá ne ʻomai ha tokāteline foʻou naʻe ui ko e tui Finangalo-Taha-Natula-Uá. a Pea ke fakapapauʻi ʻa e mateaki ʻa e ngaahi vahefonua fakatonga ʻo hono ʻemipaeá, naʻe fili ʻe Heraclius ha pēteliake foʻou ʻo ʻAlekisanitulia, ko Kōlesi ʻo Phasis, ʻa ia naʻá ne tali ʻa e tokāteline naʻe poupouʻi ʻe he ʻemipolá. Naʻe ʻai ʻe he ʻemipolá ʻa Kōlesi ʻo ʻikai ngata pē ʻi heʻene pēteliaké ka ko e fakamaau ʻo ʻIsipite, fakataha mo e mafai ki hono kau pule fakalotofonuá. ʻI ha mālohi ʻo ha kiʻi fakatanga, naʻe lava ai kia Kōlesi ke ne maʻu ʻa e loto-lelei ʻa e lahi taha ʻo e siasi faka-ʻIsipité.

Ko ha Utu-Taʻu Tamaki

ʻE lava fēfē ke tapua mei he ngaahi meʻa ko eni naʻe hokó ʻa e lea mo e laumālie ʻo e lotu ʻa Sīsū ʻa ia naʻá ne pehē ai ko hono kau muimuí ʻe “ʻikai te nau ʻo māmāni”?​​—Sione 17:​14-​16.

Ko e kau taki naʻa nau fakangalingali ko e kau Kalisitiane ʻi he ngaahi taimi Paisenitainé pea ki mui ai naʻa nau utu ʻa e ngaahi nunuʻa tamaki lahi ʻi heʻenau kau ʻi he ngaahi meʻa fakapolitikale mo fakakautau ʻa e māmaní. Ko e hā ʻoku tala atu kiate koe ʻe he vakai nounou ko eni ki he hisitōliá? Naʻe maʻu ʻe he kau taki ʻo e Siasi Paisenitainé ʻa e hōifua ʻa e ʻOtuá pea mo Sīsū Kalaisí?​​—Semisi 4:4.

Kuo ʻikai ke tokoniʻi ʻa e lotu faka-Kalisitiane moʻoní ʻe he kau taki lotu kumi tuʻunga peheé mo ʻenau ngaahi meʻa ʻoku nau ʻofa ai fakapolitikalé. Ko e tuifio taʻemāʻoniʻoni ko eni ʻa e lotú mo e ngaahi meʻa fakapolitikí kuó ne fakafofongahalaʻi ʻa e lotu maʻa naʻe akoʻi ʻe Sīsuú. ʻOfa ke tau ako mei he hisitōliá pea hanganaki “ʻikai ʻo māmāni.”

[Fakamatala ʻi lalo]

[Puha/Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 10]

‘HANGĒ HA ʻOTUA ʻOKU TAULAKA ʻI HĒVANÍ’

Ko e ngaahi meʻa takatakai ʻia Pēteliake Michael Cerularius (1000-​1059 nai) ko e taipe ia ʻo e ngafa ʻe lava ke fakahoko ʻe he ʻulu ʻo e siasí ʻi he ngaahi meʻa ʻa e Puleʻangá pea mo e ngaahi taumuʻa ʻoku kau ki aí. Hili hono maʻu ʻa e tuʻunga fakapēteliaké, naʻe fakataumuʻa ʻa Cerularius ki ha tuʻunga māʻolunga ange. Kuo fakamatalaʻi ia ʻi he tuʻunga naʻá ne fieʻeiki, ʻafungi mo ofeʻingataʻa​—“ʻo hā ngali hangē ʻi hono angá ko ha ʻotua ʻoku taulaka ʻi hēvaní.”

Tupu mei heʻene holi ki ha hiki lakanga fakaekitá, naʻe langaʻi ai ʻe Cerularius ʻa e māvahevahe mo e tuʻitapu ʻi Lomá ʻi he 1054, peá ne fakamālohiʻi ʻa e ʻemipolá ke ne tali ʻa e māvahevahé. ʻI he leleiʻia he ikuná ni, naʻe fokotuʻutuʻu ai ʻe Cerularius ke fakanofo ʻa Michael VI ki he taloní pea tokoniʻi ia ke tuʻumaʻu ʻa hono mafaí. ʻI ha taʻu ʻe taha ki mui ai, naʻe fakamālohiʻi ai ʻe Cerularius ʻa e ʻemipola ko iá ke ne mavahe pea fokotuʻu ai ʻa Isaac Comnenus (1005-​1061 nai) ki he taloní.

Ko e fepaki ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e tuʻunga fakapēteliaké mo e ʻemipaeá naʻe fakautuutu. Ko Cerularius​—ʻi heʻene fakapapauʻi ʻa e poupou ʻa e kakaí​—naʻá ne fakamanaʻi, kounaʻi pea hanga ki he fakamālohí. Naʻe pehē ʻe ha faihisitōlia ʻi he taimi ko iá: “Naʻá ne tomuʻa tala ʻa e tō ʻa e ʻEmipolá ʻi ha lea fakamatatuʻa mo māʻulalo, ʻo ne pehē, ‘naʻá ku hiki hake koe, ʻa e vale ko koé; ka te u fakaʻauha koe.’” Kae kehe, naʻe puke ia ʻe Isaac Comnenus, ʻo tuku pilīsone pea kapusi ki Imbros.

Ko e ngaahi fakatātā peheé ʻoku fakahaaʻi ai ʻa e lahi ʻo e faingataʻa naʻe lava ke fakatupunga ʻe he pēteliake ʻo Konisitanitinopalé mo e anga ʻo ʻene lava ke talitekeʻi fefeka ʻa e ʻemipolá. Naʻe faʻa pau ke fekuki ʻa e ʻemipolá mo e kau tangata pehē, ʻa ia ko e kau politiki pōtoʻi, ʻo malava ke nau fakafepakiʻi fakatouʻosi ʻa e ʻemipolá mo e kau taú.

[Mape/Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 9]

(Ki he konga tohi kuo fokotuʻú sio ki he tohi)

Ko Hono Lahi Taha ʻo e ʻEmipaea Paisenitainé

Ravenna

Loma

MASITŌNIA

Konisitanitinopale

Tahi ʻUliʻulí

Nisea

ʻEfesō

ʻAniteoke

Selusalema

ʻAlekisanitulia

Tahi Metiteleniané

[Maʻuʻanga]

Mape: Mountain High Maps® Copyright © 1997 Digital Wisdom, Inc.

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 10, 11]

Comnenus

Romanus III (ʻi he toʻohemá)

Michael IV

ʻEmipola Fefine Zoe

Romanus I (ʻi he toʻohemá)

[Maʻuʻanga]

Comnenus, Romanus III, mo Michael IV: Courtesy Classical Numismatic Group, Inc.; ʻEmipola Fefine Zoe: Hagia Sophia; Romanus I: Photo courtesy Harlan J. Berk, Ltd.

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 12]

Photius

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 12]

Heraclius mo hono fohá

[Maʻuʻanga]

Heraclius mo hono fohá: Photo courtesy Harlan J. Berk, Ltd.; ngaahi ʻelemēniti tisaini kotoa, peesi 8-​12: Mei he tohi L’Art Byzantin III Ravenne Et Pompose