Mari—Kuini Motuʻa ʻo e Toafá

“NAʻÁ KU kiʻi ninimo ʻi heʻeku aʻu ki hoku loki mohé ʻi he pō ko iá hili ʻemau fakafiefiaʻi mo hoku ngaahi kaungāngāué ʻa homau monuú,” ko e manatu ia ʻa e ʻākeolosia Falanisē ko André Parrot. ʻI Sanuali ʻo e 1934, ʻi Tell Hariri, ofi ki he kiʻi kolo ko Abu Kemal ʻi he ʻIufaletesí ʻi Sīlia, naʻe keli hake ai ʻe Parrot mo ʻene timí ha fuʻu maka fakamanatu naʻe ʻi ai ʻa e tā tongitongi: “Lamgi-Mari, tuʻi ʻo Mari, taulaʻeiki lahi ʻo Enlil.” Naʻa nau fuʻu fiefia ʻi he meʻa naʻe ʻiló.

He faifai ange ē pea toki ʻilo ʻa e kolo ko Mari! Ko e hā hono mahuʻinga ʻo e meʻa ko eni naʻe ʻiló ki he kau ako ʻo e Tohi Tapú?

Ko e Hā ʻOku Mahuʻinga Aí?

Neongo naʻe ʻiloʻi mei ha ngaahi tohi motuʻa ʻa e ʻi ai ʻa Mari, ko hono tuʻuʻangá tonu naʻe fuoloa ʻa ʻene kei hoko ko ha misitelí. Fakatatau ki he kau sikalaipe Sumēliá, ko Mari ko e nofoʻanga ia ʻo ha haʻa tuʻi ʻa ia naʻa nau puleʻi nai ʻi he taimi ʻe taha ʻa e kotoa ʻo Mesopotēmiá. ʻI hono langa he ongo kauvai ʻo e ʻIufaletesí, naʻe ʻi ha tuʻuʻanga lelei ʻa Mari ʻi he ngaahi kolosiʻanga ʻo e ngaahi hala fefakatauʻaki naʻá ne fakafehokotaki ʻa e Kūlifa Pēsiá mo ʻAsīlia, Mesopotēmia, ʻAnatōlia mo e Matāfanga Metiteleniané. Ko e ngaahi koloa kau ai ʻa e papá, mētalé mo e maká—ʻa ia naʻe siʻi ʻaupito ʻi Mesopotēmiá—naʻe fetuku ia fakafou ʻi he koló. Ko e ngaahi tukuhau ʻi he ngaahi koloa ko iá naʻá ne fakatuʻumālieʻi lahi ʻa Mari, ʻo ʻai ai ke ne malava papau ʻo puleʻi ʻa e vahefonuá. Kae kehe,  ko e tuʻunga pule ko ení naʻe ngata ia, ʻi he taimi naʻe ikunaʻi ai ʻa Sīlia ʻe Sākoni ʻo ʻĀkatá.

ʻI ha taʻu nai ʻe 300 hili ʻa e ikuna ʻa Sākoní, naʻe puleʻi ai ʻa Mari ʻe ha hokohoko ʻo e kau kōvana fakakautau. ʻI honau malumalú, naʻe toe maʻu ai ʻe he koló ha tuʻunga lakalakaimonū. Kae kehe, ʻi he aʻu ki he taimi ʻo hono pule fakaʻosí, ko Similai-Limi, naʻe hōloa ai ʻa e mālohinga ʻo Mari. Naʻe feinga ʻa Similai-Limi ke fakafefekaʻi ʻa hono ʻemipaeá ʻi ha ngaahi ikuna fakakautau hokohoko, ngaahi talite mo e ngaahi alea mali. Ka ʻi he 1760 K.M. nai, naʻe ikunaʻi ai pea fakaʻauha ʻa e koló ʻe Tuʻi Hamulapi ʻo Pāpiloné, ʻo fakangata ai ʻa e meʻa naʻe ui ʻe Parrot “ko ha sivilaise ʻa ia ko e taha ʻo e ngaahi maama ʻo e māmani motuʻá.”

ʻI he taimi naʻe fakaʻauha ai ʻe he ngaahi kongakau ʻa Hamulapí ʻa Mari, naʻa nau fai fāinoa ai ha fuʻu tokoni ki he kau ʻākeolosia mo e kau faihisitōlia ʻi onopōní. ʻI hono holoki ʻa e ngaahi ʻā piliki ʻumea naʻe ʻikai taʻó, naʻa nau tanu ai ʻa e ngaahi fuʻu fale tefito naʻe aʻu hono māʻolungá ki he mita ʻe nimá ʻi he ngaahi feituʻu ʻe niʻihi, ʻo fakatolonga ai kinautolu mei he ʻauʻauha ʻi he faai mai ʻa e taimí. Kuo keli hake ʻe he kau ʻākeolosiá ʻa e ngaahi toetoenga maumau ʻo e ngaahi temipalé mo e ngaahi palasí, fakataha mo ha ngaahi ngāue fakameaʻa lahi fau mo e ngaahi tā tongitongi ʻe laui afe ʻa ia ʻoku ʻomai ai ha fakamaama ʻo fekauʻaki mo e sivilaise motuʻá.

Ko e hā ʻoku mahuʻinga ai kia kitautolu ʻa e ngaahi toetoenga maumau ʻo Mari? Fakakaukau angé ki he taimi naʻe ʻaʻeva ai ʻa e pēteliake ko ʻĒpalahamé ʻi he māmaní. Naʻe fāʻeleʻi ʻa ʻĒpalahame ʻi he taʻu 2018 K.M., ko e taʻu ia ʻe 352 hili ʻa e fuʻu Lōmakí. Ko hono toʻutangatá ko e toʻutangata ia hono hongofulu meia Noá. ʻI he fekau ʻa e ʻOtuá, naʻe mavahe ai ʻa ʻĒpalahame mei hono kolo tupuʻangá, ko ʻUa, ʻo ne ʻalu ki Hālani. ʻI he taʻu 1943 K.M., ʻi he taimi naʻe taʻu 75 ai ʻa ʻĒpalahamé, naʻá ne mavahe ai mei Hālani ki he fonua ko Kēnaní. “Ko e ngaahi fehikitaki ʻa ʻĒpalahame mei ʻUa ki Selusalema [ʻi Kēnaní] naʻe hoko fakahisitōlia ia ʻi he taimi ʻo Mari,” ko e lau ia ʻa ha ʻākeolosia ʻĪtali ko Paolo Mātie. Ko ia ai, ko hono ʻiloʻi ʻo Mari, ʻoku mahuʻinga he ʻe lava ke ne tokoniʻi kitautolu ke sioloto atu ai ki he māmani ʻa ia naʻe nofo ai ʻa e sevāniti faitōnunga ʻa e ʻOtuá ko ʻĒpalahamé. a​—Senesi 11:10–​12:4.

Ko e Hā ʻOku Fakahaaʻi ʻe he Ngaahi Toetoenga Maumaú?

Naʻe tupu ʻāfaʻafa ʻa e lotú ʻi Mari hangē ko ia naʻe hoko ʻi ha feituʻu pē ʻi Mesopotēmia. Naʻe fai e vakai ki ai ko e fatongia ia ʻo e tangatá ke tauhi ki he ngaahi ʻotuá. Naʻe fai maʻu pē ʻa e fekumi ki he finangalo ʻo e ngaahi ʻotuá ki muʻa ke fai ha fili mahuʻinga. Kuo maʻu ʻe he kau ʻākeolosiá ʻa e ngaahi toetoenga ʻo ha temipale ʻe ono. Naʻe kau ai ʻa e Temipale ʻo Lionisi (ʻoku vakai ki ai ʻa e niʻihi ko ha temipale ʻo Tākani, ʻa Tākoni ʻi he Tohi Tapú) mo e ngaahi temipale toputapu ʻo ʻIsitā, ko e ʻotua-fefine ʻo e fakafanaú, pea pehē ki he ʻotua-laʻā ko Sāmesí. Naʻe muʻaki ʻi he ngaahi temipalé ha maka fakamanatu ʻo e ʻotua ʻa ia naʻe fai ki ai ʻa e ngaahi feilaulaú mo e ngaahi lotú. Naʻe fokotuʻu ʻe he kau muimuí ʻa e ngaahi maka fakamanatu fōtunga malimali ʻo kinautolu ʻi heʻenau lotú, ʻi he ngaahi sea lōloa ʻi he temipale toputapú, ʻi he tui ʻe fakalōloa ʻe honau ʻīmisí ʻa e lotu ʻoku faí. Naʻe pehē ʻe Parrot: “Ko e maka  fakamanatú, ʻoku hangē ia ko e teʻelangó ʻi he lotu Katolika he ʻaho ní ka ʻi ha tuʻunga ʻoku toe lahi ange, ko hono moʻoní, ko ha fetongi ia maʻá e tokotaha tuí.”

Ko e meʻa anga-kehe taha naʻe ʻiloʻi ʻi he toetoenga maumau ʻo Tell Hariri ko e ngaahi toetoenga ʻo ha fuʻu palasi lahi kāfakafa, naʻe uiʻaki ʻa e hingoa ʻo e tokotaha fakamuimui naʻe nofo aí, ʻa Tuʻi Similai-Limi. Naʻe fakamatalaʻi ia ʻe he ʻākeolosia Falanisē ko Louis-​Hugues Vincent “ko e siueli ʻo e tā mape motuʻa ʻa e Hahaké.” ʻI hono kāpui ʻa e ʻeka laka hake he onó, naʻe ʻi ai ʻa e loki nai ʻe 300 mo e ngaahi lotoʻā. Naʻa mo e ʻi he kuonga muʻá, naʻe fai e vakai ki he palasi ko ení ko e taha ia ʻo e ngaahi meʻa fakaofo ʻo e māmaní. “Naʻe pehē ʻa ʻene ongoongoá,” ko e fakamatala ia ʻa Georges Roux ʻi heʻene tohi ko e Ancient Iraq, “ko e Tuʻi ʻo ʻIukalití, ʻi he matāfonua Sīliá, naʻe ʻikai te ne toumoua ke fekauʻi hono fohá ʻi he kilomita ʻe 600 [maile ʻe 370] ki he loto fonuá ʻi he taumuʻa ʻataʻatā pē ko e ʻaʻahi ki he ‘fale ʻo Similai-Limí.’”

Ki muʻa ke aʻu ki ha lotoʻā lahi, naʻe hū ʻa e kau ʻaʻahí ki he palasi ʻāʻí fou ʻi ha hūʻanga ʻe taha naʻe ʻi hono tafaʻakí ʻa e ongo taua. ʻI he ʻafio ʻi ha taloni naʻe fokotuʻu ʻi ha tuʻuʻanga, naʻe fakahoko ai ʻe he tuʻi ʻo Mari fakamuimuí, ʻa Similai-Limi, ʻa e ngaahi meʻa fakakautaú, fakakomēsialé mo e fakatipilomētiká; fakahoko ʻa e ngaahi fakamāú; pea talitali ʻa e kau ʻaʻahí mo e kau ʻamipasitoá. Naʻe ala maʻu ai ʻa e ngaahi loki ki he kau fakaafé, ʻa ia naʻa nau toutou fakafiefiaʻi ʻa e tuʻí lolotonga ʻa e ngaahi kātoanga kai fakaʻeiʻeikí. Naʻe kau ʻi he ngaahi meʻakai naʻe ngaohí ʻa e pulu, sipi, kāseli, ika mo e moa naʻe tunu, fakapaku, pe haka—ʻo kai ʻaki ʻa e ngaahi soosi kāliki ne lahi ai ʻa e sipaisí mo ha ngaahi vesitapolo mo e siisi kehekehe. Naʻe kau ki he hikingauá ʻa e fuaʻiʻakau foʻou, mōmoa, pe valiʻaki ʻa e suká mo e ngaahi keke naʻe taʻo  ʻi he ngaahi sīpinga lahi kehekehe. Ke fakahauhau ʻenau fieinuá, naʻe tufa ki he kau fakaafé ʻa e pia pe uaine.

Naʻe ʻi he tuʻunga maʻa ʻaupito ʻa e palasí. Naʻe maʻu hake ʻa e ngaahi fale kaukau naʻe ʻi ai hono ngaahi topu ʻumea mo e ngaahi falemālōlō ʻikai hano hekehekaʻanga. Ko e ngaahi faliki mo e konga ki lalo ʻo e holisi ʻo e ngaahi lokí ni naʻe ʻufiʻufi ia ʻaki ha vali pitumini. Ko e vai ne ʻosi ngāueʻakí naʻe fakatafe ia fakafou ʻi ha ngaahi fakatafenga vai piliki, pea ko e ngaahi paipa ʻumea naʻe valiʻaki ʻa e pituminí ke maluʻi mei he vaí ʻoku kei ngāue ia hili ʻa e taʻu nai ʻe 3,500. ʻI he taimi naʻe tofanga ai ʻi ha mahaki fakatupu mate ha kau fefine ʻe toko tolu ʻi he kau sinifu ʻa e tuʻí, naʻe fakafefekaʻi ʻa e ngaahi fakahinohinó. Ko ha fefine mahamahaki pehē naʻe pau ke fakamavaheʻi ia pea tauhi ʻi ha kolonitini. “ʻE ʻikai leva ke inu ha taha mei heʻene ipú, kai ʻi heʻene tēpilé mo tangutu ʻi hono seá.”

Ko e Hā ʻOku Lava Ke Tau Ako mei he Ngaahi Tauhiʻanga Tohí?

Naʻe ʻiloʻi ʻe Parrot mo ʻene timí ha ngaahi maka lafalafa ʻe 20,000 naʻe tohi mata-tōtao ʻi he faka-ʻĀkatá. Naʻe ʻi he ngaahi maka lafalafá ʻa e ngaahi faitohi mo e ʻū tohi fakalele ngāue pea mo e ʻū tohi ki he ʻekonōmiká. ʻI he ngaahi tauhiʻanga tohi ko ení, ko e vahe tolu pē taha ai kuo pulusí. Neongo ia, ʻoku faʻuʻaki kinautolu ʻa e voliume ʻe 28. Ko e hā honau mahuʻingá? “Ki muʻa ʻi hono ʻiloʻi ʻa e ngaahi tauhiʻanga tohi ʻi Mari,” ko e lau ia ʻa Jean-Claude Margueron, ko e talēkita ʻo e Misiona ʻĀkeolosia ʻa Mari, “naʻe meimei halaʻatā haʻamau ʻilo fekauʻaki mo e hisitōlia, ngaahi fokotuʻutuʻu, mo e moʻui fakaʻaho ʻi Mesopotēmia mo Sīlia ʻi he kamataʻanga ʻo e mileniume hono uá. Mālō mo e ngaahi maka lafalafá, kuo malava ai ke hiki ha ngaahi vahe kakato ʻo e hisitōliá.” Hangē ko ia naʻe fakahaaʻi ʻe Parrot, ko e ngaahi tauhiʻanga tohí “ʻoku fakahaaʻi ai ʻa e ngaahi faitatau fakaʻohovale ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e kakai ʻoku nau lave ki aí mo e meʻa ʻoku tala mai ʻe he Fuakava Motuʻá fekauʻaki mo e vahaʻa taimi ʻo e kau Pēteliaké.”

Ko e ngaahi maka lafalafa naʻe maʻu ʻi Mari ʻoku toe fakamaama ai ʻa e ngaahi kupu pau ʻo e Tohi Tapú. Ko e fakatātaá, ʻoku fakahaaʻi ʻi he ngaahi maka lafalafá ko hono maʻu ha kau sinifu ʻa ha fili “ko ha tōʻonga tefito ia ʻo e haʻa tuʻí ʻi he taimi ko iá.” Ko e faleʻi ʻa e tokotaha lavaki ko ʻEhitofelí ki he foha ʻo Tuʻi Tēvita ko ʻApisalomé ke ne mohe mo e kau sinifu ʻa ʻene tamaí naʻe ʻikai ko ha meʻa foʻou ia.—2 Samiuela 16:​21, 22.

Kuo fai ʻa e ngaahi feingangāue fakaʻākeolosia ʻe 41 ki Tell Hariri talu mei he 1933. Kae kehe, ʻi he aʻu mai ki he taimi ní, ko e ʻeka pē ʻe 20 ʻi he ʻeka ʻe 270 ʻo Mari kuo vakaiʻí. ʻOku ngalingali, ʻe kei ʻi ai ha ngaahi ʻilo fakatoʻoaloto lahi ʻe hoko ʻi Mari, ʻa e kuini motuʻa ʻo e toafá.

[Fakamatala ʻi lalo]

[Mape ʻi he peesi 10]

(Ki he konga tohi kuo fokotuʻu kakato, sio ki he tohí)

Kūlifa Pēsia

ʻUa

MESOPOTĒMIA

ʻIufaletesi

MARI

ʻASĪLIA

Hālani

ʻANATŌLIA

KĒNANI

Selusalema

Tahi Metiteleniane (Tahi Lahi)

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 11]

ʻI he fakamatalá ni naʻe pōlepole ai ʻa Tuʻi ʻIatunu-Limi ʻo Mari fekauʻaki mo ʻene ngāue langá

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 11]

Ko e ʻiloʻi ʻo e maka fakamanatu ko eni ʻo Lamgi-Mari naʻe iku ia ki hono ʻiloʻi pau ʻo Mari

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 12]

Ko Ebih-Il, ko e ʻōfisa ʻo Mari, ʻi heʻene lotú

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 12]

Tuʻuʻanga ʻi he palasí, ʻa ia naʻe tuʻu nai ai ʻa e maka fakamanatu ʻo ha ʻotua-fefine

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 12]

Ngaahi toetoenga ʻo Mari, ʻoku fakahaaʻi ai ʻa e langa piliki ʻumea ʻikai ke taʻo

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 12]

Ko ha fale kaukau ʻi he palasí

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 13]

Ko e lauʻi maka fakamanatu ʻo e ikuna ʻa Naram-Sin, ko e tokotaha naʻá ne ikunaʻi ʻa Mari

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 13]

Ko e maka lafalafa tohi mata-tōtao ʻe 20,000 nai naʻe maʻu ʻi he toetoenga maumau ʻo e palasí

[Maʻuʻanga ʻo e Tā ʻi he peesi 10]

© Mission archéologique française de Tell Hariri - Mari (Syrie)

[Maʻuʻanga ʻo e Tā ʻi he peesi 11]

Fakamoʻoni: Musée du Louvre, Pālesi; maka fakamanatu: © Mission archéologique française de Tell Hariri - Mari (Syrie)

[Maʻuʻanga ʻo e Tā ʻi he peesi 12]

Maka fakamanatu: Musée du Louvre, Pālesi; tuʻuʻanga mo e fale kaukau: © Mission archéologique française de Tell Hariri - Mari (Syrie)

[Maʻuʻanga ʻo e Tā ʻi he peesi 13]

Maka ʻo e ikuna: Musée du Louvre, Pālesi; toetoenga ʻo e palasí: © Mission archéologique française de Tell Hariri - Mari (Syrie)