Ɔsesɛw No—Ɔkwan a Wɔfa So Hwehwɛ no Sakra
Ti 13
Ɔsesɛw No—Ɔkwan a Wɔfa So Hwehwɛ no Sakra
1, 2. (a) Ɔsesɛw no ho nhoma biako ka mfinimfini mmere mu Roman Katolek Asɔre no ho asɛm dɛn? (b) Nsɛm bɛn na wobisa fa Roman Asɔre no tebea ho?
“ASIANE ankasa a ɛtoo mfinimfini mmere no mu asɔre no ne sɛ na ennya nkɔso. . . . Sɛ anka ɛbɛkɔ n’anim na ɛde honhom fam akwankyerɛ ama no, na ɛregu na na ɛresɛe, na na emufo nyinaa bra asɛe.” Saa na nhoma The Story of the Reformation ka Roman Katolek Asɔre a na ɛwɔ tumi kɛse a na adi tumi wɔ Europa fã kɛse ara fi afeha a ɛto so 5 de besi afeha a ɛto so 15 Y.B. mu ho asɛm.
2 Ɛyɛɛ dɛn na Roman Asɔre no tumi kɛse no fii ne nsa a na ‘ɛregu na ɛresɛe’? Ɛyɛɛ dɛn na popenom a wose wɔyɛ asomafo no adedifo no antumi amfa “honhom fam akwankyerɛ” mpo amma? Dɛn na efii saa a wɔantumi anyɛ no mu bae? Sɛ yebenya mmuae a, ehia sɛ yɛde bere tiaa bi hwehwɛ asɔre ko a abɛyɛ, ne nea ɛyɛe wɔ nokware Nyankopɔn no akyi kwan a adesamma hwehwɛ no mu.
Na Asɔre no Resɛe Koraa
3. (a) Ebeduu afeha a ɛto so 15 awiei no, na honam fam nneɛma bɛn na Roman Asɔre no wɔ? (b) Ɔkwan bɛn so na asɔre no bɔɔ mmɔden sɛ ebekura n’anuonyam mu?
3 Ebeduu afeha a ɛto so 15 awiei no, ná Roman Asɔre ahorow, nkokorafi ne asɔfo mmea atrae a ɛhyɛ n’ase nyinaa abɛyɛ nea ɛwɔ nsase sen biara wɔ Europa nyinaa. Wɔkae sɛ ná France ne Germany nsase no mu fã ne Sweden ne England nsase nkyem anum mu abien anaa nea ɛboro saa yɛ ne dea. Dɛn na efii mu bae? Nhoma A History of Civilization ka sɛ: “Rome anuonyam bɛyɛɛ kɛse kyɛn so wɔ mfe 1400 awiei ne 1500 mfiase mu hɔ, na din a ɛwɔ wɔ amammuisɛm mu bɛyɛɛ kɛse bere tiaa bi.” Nanso, ɛhweree nneɛma pii ansa na ɛrenya anuonyam no nyinaa, na sɛ ɛbɛtra hɔ a, na ɛsɛ sɛ enya mmeae foforo a ebenya sika afi. Abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo Will Durant reka akwan horow a wɔfaa so ho asɛm no, ɔkyerɛwee sɛ:
“Ná wɔhwehwɛ sɛ obiara a wɔpaw no sɔfo no de n’akatua fã ma popenom no Baguafo—ahyehyɛde a popenom de hwɛ asɔre no so—wɔ afe a edi kan no mu (“annates”), na otua ntotoso du du afe biara wɔ ɛno akyi. Na ɛsɛ sɛ ɔsɔfopɔn foforo tua sika kɛse ma pope no de tɔ ne nkatakɔnmu—nwera sin bi a ɛkyerɛ tumi a ɔwɔ. Sɛ ɔsɔfopɔn, ɔsɔfo panyin anaa nkokorafo panyin bi wu a, wɔde n’ankasa agyapade ma pope no. . . . Ná wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ wɔde akyɛde bi bɛda wɔn ase wɔ atemmu anaa biribiara a wonya fi Curia no hɔ ho, na ɛtɔ da bi a, akyɛde no na ɛkyerɛ atemmu a wɔde ma.”
4. Ahode a na asɔre no renya no nyaa popenom no so nkɛntɛnso dɛn?
4 Awiei koraa no, sika pii a wotua guu popenom foto mu afe biara no maa ahohwisɛm ne ɔporɔw pii bae. Wɔaka sɛ na ‘pope mpo ntumi mfa ne nsa nka adubiri a ne nsateaa ho nyɛ fĩ,’ na saa bere no mu asɔre no abakɔsɛm kaa nea abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo biako frɛɛ no “popenom wiasefo paa a wɔtoatoaa so bae” ho asɛm. Ebinom ne Sixtus IV (pope, 1471–84) a ɔsɛee sika pii de sii Sistine Asɔredan a ɔde ne din too so na ɔmaa ne wɔfaasenom ne ne wɔfasewanom pii nyaa wɔn ho no; Alexander VI (pope, 1492–1503), Rodrigo Borgia, a ogyee dimmɔne a ogye toom pefee sɛ ɔwɔ mpena mma na ɔmaa wɔn dibea no; ne Julius II (pope, 1503–13), Sixtus IV wɔfaase a na ɔpɛ akodi, amammuisɛm, ne adwini sen n’asɔfodwuma no. Ná ɛfata koraa sɛ Dutch Katolekni nhomanimfo Erasmus kyerɛwee wɔ 1518 mu sɛ: “Afei de, Romafo Curia ani a enwu ade no adu ne mpɔmpɔn so.”
5. Dɛn na saa bere no mu kyerɛwtohɔ ahorow ka fa asɔfo no abrabɔ ho?
5 Ná ɛnyɛ popenom no nkutoo na wɔn bra asɛe na wɔaporɔw. Asɛm a na wɔtaa ka saa bere no ne sɛ: “Sɛ wopɛ sɛ wo ba sɛe a, ma ɔnyɛ ɔsɔfo.” Saa bere no mu kyerɛwtohɔ ahorow di eyi ho adanse. Durant kyerɛe sɛ wɔ England no, na “wɔn a wɔbɔ wɔn sobo sɛ wonni [nna mu] ahosodi ho kyerɛwtohɔ wɔ 1499 mu . . . bɛyɛ ɔha biara mu 23 yɛ asɔfo, ɛwom mpo sɛ na asɔfo nnu ɔman no mu nnipa ɔha mu nkyem 2 de. Asɔfo a wɔkɔ wɔn nkyɛn bɔneka no bi ka sɛ mmea a wɔbɛka wɔn bɔne no ne wɔn nna. Ná asɔfo mpempem pii wɔ mpenafo; na wɔn a wɔwɔ Germany no mu dodow no ara wɔ bi.” (Fa toto 1 Korintofo 6:9-11; Efesofo 5:5 ho.) Ɔbrasɛe no trɛw kɔɔ mmeae foforo nso. Wose saa bere no mu Spainni bi nwiinwii sɛ: “Mihu sɛ yentumi nnya hwee mfi Kristo asomfo hɔ a yentua sika; yetua sika wɔ asubɔ ho . . . yetua sika wɔ aware ho, yetua sika wɔ bɔneka ho—dabi, wogye sika bere a wɔsra obi ngo [amanne a etwa to]! Wɔremmɔ dɔn a wonnye sika, wonsie obi wɔ asɔre no mu a wonnye sika; enti ɛte sɛ nea wɔn a wonni sika no ntumi nkɔ Paradise.”—Fa toto 1 Timoteo 6:10 ho.
6. Machiavelli kaa Roman Asɔre no ho asɛm dɛn? (Romafo 2:21-24)
6 Yɛde Machiavelli, saa bere no mu Italiani nyansapɛfo a wagye din yiye nsɛm ka Roman Asɔre no tebea wɔ afeha a ɛto so 16 mfiase ho asɛm tiawa sɛ:
“Sɛ wɔkoraa Kristosom so sɛnea ne Farebae mmara ahorow kyerɛ a, anka ɔman no ne Kristoman aman benya biakoyɛ ne asomdwoe asen sɛnea ɛte no. Yentumi nnya adanse kɛse bi a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ne bra asɛe sen nokwasɛm a ɛyɛ sɛ bere a nnipa no bɛn Roman Asɔre, wɔn som ti no, mpɛn dodow ara na wɔn nyamesom kɔ fam.”
Ɔsesɛw Ho Mmɔdenbɔ a Edi Kan
7. Mmɔden kakra bɛn na asɔre no bɔe sɛ ebedi nneɛma a ɛmfata no bi ho dwuma?
7 Ɛnyɛ nnipa te sɛ Erasmus ne Machiavelli nkutoo na wohuu asɔre no mu ɔhaw ahorow no, na mmom asɔre no ankasa nso. Asɔre bagua ahorow hyiae sɛ wobedi anwiinwii ne nnebɔne no bi ho dwuma, nanso ɛto antwa koraa. Popenom a na wɔwɔ tumi ne anuonyam no ampene so amma wɔammɔ mmɔden ankasa ansakra nneɛma.
8. Dɛn na efii anibiannaso a asɔre no kɔɔ so yɛe no mu bae?
8 Sɛ asɔre no de mmɔdenbɔ kɛse dii tebea no ho dwuma a, anka ebia Ɔsesɛw amma. Nanso, nea ɛbae ne sɛ wɔn a wɔwɔ asɔre no mu ne wɔn a wonni mu kae sɛ wɔnyɛ nsakrae. Yɛaka Waldenfo ne Albigensefo ho asɛm wɔ Ti 11 dedaw. Ɛwom sɛ wɔkae sɛ wɔyɛ ɔsom mu atuatewfo tɔree wɔn ase atirimɔden so de, nanso na wɔama nnipa no nwiinwii wɔ Katolek asɔfo nnebɔne no ho, na na wɔanya ɔpɛ sɛ wɔbɛsan de Bible no adi dwuma. Tete Asesɛwfo no bi tee nka saa ara.
Ɔkasatia a na Efi Asɔre no Mu
9. Hena ne John Wycliffe, na dɛn na ɔkasa tiae?
9 Ná John Wycliffe (1330?–84) a wɔtaa frɛ no “Ɔsesɛw no mu adekyee nsoromma” no yɛ Katolek sɔfo ne nyamekyerɛ kyerɛkyerɛfo wɔ Oxford, England. Esiane sɛ na onim nnebɔne a na ɛkɔ so wɔ asɔre no mu nti, ɔkyerɛw ɔbrasɛe a na ɛkɔ so wɔ nkokorafo mu, tow a popenom twa, nkyerɛkyerɛ a ɛne sɛ “Mass” abodoo ne bobesa dan Yesu Kristo honam ne ne mogya ankasa no, bɔneka, ne asɔre no ho a ɛde hyehyɛ wiase nsɛm mu, no ho asɛm na ɔkasa tiae.
10. Ɔkwan bɛn so na Wycliffe kyerɛe sɛ n’ani gye Bible no ho?
10 Nea Wycliffe kasa tiaa titiriw ne Bible nkyerɛkyerɛ a asɔre no buu ani guu so no. Ɔkae bere bi sɛ: “Minyae a anka Onyankopɔn ama ɔman yi mu asɔre biara anya Bible papa ne asɛmpa no mu nkyerɛkyerɛmu pa, na asɔfo no asua no yiye, na wɔde asɛmpa no ne Onyankopɔn mmara nsɛm ankasa akyerɛkyerɛ nnipa no!” Eyi nti, Wycliffe kyerɛɛ Latin Vulgate Bible no ase kɔɔ Engiresi kasa mu wɔ ne nkwa nna a etwa to no mu. Ɛdenam n’ayɔnkofo, titiriw Nicholas a ofi Hereford mmoa so no, ɔno na odii kan kyerɛɛ Bible mũ no nyinaa ase kɔɔ Engiresi kasa mu. Akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ eyi ne mmoa a ɛsen biara a Wycliffe de mae wɔ hwehwɛ a adesamma hwehwɛ Onyankopɔn akyi kwan no mu.
11. (a) Dɛn na Wycliffe akyidifo tumi yɛe? (b) Dɛn na ɛbaa Lollardfo no so?
11 Asɛnkafo kuw bi a esiane sɛ wokyinkyin a wɔnhyɛ aboɔden ntade ne mpaboa, na wonni honam fam ahode nti wɔtaa frɛ wɔn “Asɔfo Ahiafo” no kyekyɛɛ Wycliffe nhoma ne Bible no afã horow wɔ England nyinaa. Na wɔsan frɛ wɔn Lollardfo, efi Tete Dutch asɛmfua Lollaerd anaasɛ “obi a ɔbɔ mpae anaa ɔto asɔre nnwom hyɛ ne menewam” nso de dii wɔn ho fɛw. (Brewer’s Dictionary of Phrase and Fable) Nhoma The Lollards no ka sɛ: “Mfe kakraa bi mu no, wɔdɔɔso yiye paa. Wobuu akontaa sɛ anyɛ yiye koraa no, ná ɔman no mu nnipa nkyem anan mu biako gye nsɛm yi di ankasa anaasɛ wɔka sɛ wogye di.” Nokwarem no, asɔre no huu eyi nyinaa. Esiane sɛ na Wycliffe wɔ din wɔ atumfoɔ ne nhomanimfo mu nti, wɔma owui asomdwoe mu wɔ da a etwa to wɔ 1384 mu. N’akyidifo annya no saa. Bere a na Henry IV redi hene wɔ England no, wobuu wɔn sɛ ɔsom mu atuatewfo, na wɔde wɔn mu pii guu afiase, yɛɛ wɔn ayayade anaasɛ wɔhyew wɔn.
12. Hena ne Jan Hus, na dɛn na ɔkasa tiae?
12 Obi a John Wycliffe nyaa no so nkɛntɛnso kɛse ne Bohemiani (Czechni) Jan Hus (1369?–1415), a na ɔno nso yɛ Katolek sɔfo ne Prague Sukuupɔn panyin no. Te sɛ Wycliffe no, Hus kasa tiaa Roman Asɔre no ɔbrasɛe no, na osii so dua sɛ ɛho hia sɛ wɔkenkan Bible no. Eyi maa asɔfo mpanyin no bo fuw no ntɛm ara. Wɔ 1403 mu no, aban no baraa no sɛ ɔnnka Wycliffe a wɔhyew ne nhoma ahorow no nsɛm a ɛkasa tia popenom no bio. Nanso, Hus kɔɔ so kyerɛw nsɛm a ɛkasa tia asɔre no nneyɛe no bi denneennen, a bɔne fafiri ho nkrataa a wɔtɔn nso ka ho. * Wobuu no fɔ pam no fii asɔre no mu wɔ 1410 mu.
13. (a) Dɛn na Hus kyerɛe sɛ ɛne nokware asɔre no? (b) Dɛn na efii gyina a Hus gyinaa pintinn no mu bae?
13 Hus ampo Bible no da. Ɔkyerɛwee sɛ: “Sɛ́ wobɛtew atua atia pope a odi mfomso no kyerɛ sɛ wutie Kristo.” Ɔsan kyerɛkyerɛe sɛ nokware asɔre no nyɛ pope ne Romafo ahyehyɛde no koraa, na mmom “wɔn a wɔapaw wɔn nyinaa ne Kristo honhom fam nipadua a Kristo ne ti; ne Kristo ayeforo a ne dɔ kɛse nti, ɔde n’ankasa mogya gyee no no.” (Fa toto Efesofo 1:22, 23; 5:25-27 ho.) Eyi nyinaa nti, wodii n’asɛm wɔ Constance Bagua no anim buu no fɔ sɛ ɔsom mu otuatewfo. Ɔkae sɛ “eye sɛ wubewu owupa sen sɛ wobɛtra ase ahu amane,” na wampene sɛ ɔbɛtwe nea ɔkae no asan na wɔhyew no dua ho kum no wɔ 1415 mu. Bagua koro no ara san hyɛe sɛ wonkotu Wycliffe nnompe nhyew, ɛwom mpo sɛ na wawu ma wɔasie no bɛboro mfe 30 de!
14. (a) Hena ne Girolamo Savonarola? (b) Dɛn na Savonarola bɔɔ mmɔden sɛ ɔbɛyɛ, na dɛn na efii mu bae?
14 Tete Ɔsesɛwfo foforo nso ne ɔhotefo Dominic kokorani Girolamo Savonarola (1452–98) a ɔtraa San Marcos nkokorafi wɔ Florence, Italy no. Esiane sɛ Italy Nhomasua Bere no nyaa Savonarola so nkɛntɛnso nti, ɔkasa tiaa ɔbrasɛe a na ɛrekɔ so wɔ Asɔre no ne Ɔman no mu no. Bere a ɔkae sɛ Kyerɛwnsɛm ne anisoadehu ne adiyi nsɛm a ose ne nsa aka so na ogyina yɛ n’ade no, ɔpɛe sɛ ɔkyekye Kristofo man anaa ɔde teokrase nhyehyɛe si hɔ. Pope no pam no fii asɔre no mu wɔ 1497 mu. Afe a edi hɔ no, wɔkyeree no, wɔyɛɛ no ayayade na wɔsɛn no. Nsɛm a etwa to a ɔkae ne sɛ: “M’Awurade wu maa me bɔne; ɛnsɛ sɛ mede nkwa a ɛnsɛ hwee yi ma no anigye so?” Wɔhyew ne funu tow nsõ no guu asubɔnten Arno mu. Ɔkwan a ɛfata so no, Savonarola frɛɛ ne ho sɛ “nea osiesie kwan mu ne afɔrebɔde.” Mfe kakraa bi akyi no, Ɔsesɛw no de ahoɔden trɛw faa Europa nyinaa.
Ofi a Emu Apaapae
15. Ɔkwan bɛn so na Ɔsesɛw dwumadi no maa Europa Atɔe fam Kristoman mu paapae?
15 Bere a awiei koraa no Ɔsesɛw no fii ase no, ɛsɛee Kristoman nyamesom pasaa wɔ Europa Atɔe fam. Esiane sɛ na ɛkame ayɛ sɛ Roman Katolek Asɔre di tumi wɔ hɔ nyinaa nti, afei ɛbɛyɛɛ ofie a emu apaapae. Europa Kesee fam—Italy, Spain, Austria ne France mmeae bi—kɔɔ so yɛɛ Katolekfo titiriw. Wɔn a aka no mu kyɛ bɛyɛɛ akuw atitiriw abiɛsa: Lutherfo wɔ Germany ne Scandinavia; Calvinfo (anaa Asesɛwfo) wɔ Switzerland, Netherlands, Scotland ne France mmeae bi; ne Anglikan wɔ England. Wɔn a na wɔahwete wɔ wɔn mu ne akuw nketewa a wɔyɛ katee kɛse, a nea edi kan ne Anabaptistfo ne akyiri yi Mennonfo, Hutterfo ne Puritanfo a bere bi akyi no wɔde wɔn gyidi horow no kɔɔ Amerika Kusuu fam no.
16. Awiei koraa no, dɛn na ɛbaa Kristoman fie no so? (Marko 3:25)
16 Mfe a atwam no nyinaa mu no, akuw yi mu san kyekyɛ yɛɛ asɔre ɔhaha pii a ɛwɔ hɔ nnɛ—Presbiteriafo, Episcopalfo, Methodistfo, Baptistfo, Congregationalfo, sɛ yɛbɛbobɔ kakraa bi din a. Nokwarem no, Kristoman bɛyɛɛ ofi a emu apaapae ankasa. Ɛyɛɛ dɛn na mpaapaemu yi bae?
Luther ne Ne Nkyerɛkyerɛ
17. Dɛn na wobetumi de akyerɛ bere a Protestant Ɔsesɛw no fii ase ankasa?
17 Sɛ wɔka sɛ wɔnkyerɛ bere pɔtee a Protestantfo Ɔsesɛw no fii ase a, anka ɛbɛyɛ October 31, 1517, bere a Augustine kokorani Martin Luther (1483–1546) de ne nkyerɛkyerɛ 95 kɔfam Wittenberg a ɛwɔ Saxony mantam mu wɔ Germany asɔredan pon anim no. Nanso, dɛn na ɛmaa asɛm a ɛyɛ nwonwa yi sii? Hena ne Martin Luther? Na dɛn na ɔkasa tiae?
18. (a) Hena ne Martin Luther? (b) Dɛn na ɛmaa Luther daa ne nkyerɛkyerɛ adi?
18 Ná Martin Luther yɛ ɔkokorani nhomanimfo te sɛ Wycliffe ne Hus a na wodi n’anim no. Afei nso ná ɔyɛ nyamekyerɛ ne Bible sua ho kyerɛkyerɛfo wɔ Wittenberg Sukuupɔn mu. Bible ho nimdeɛ a na Luther wɔ no ma ogyee din. Ɛwom sɛ na ogye di paa sɛ ɛnam gyidi so na obi nya nkwa anaa wobu no bem na ɛnyɛ nnwuma anaasɛ asotwe a obi de ma ne ho de kyerɛ sɛ wanu ne ho de, nanso wannya adwene sɛ obegyae Roman Asɔre no. Nokwarem no, ne nkyerɛkyerɛ a ɔdaa no adi no yɛ ade a ɔyɛe wɔ asɛm pɔtee bi a esii no ho na ɛnyɛ sɛ na wayɛ nhyehyɛe sɛ ɔbɛtew atua. Ná ɔrekasa atia bɔne fafiri ho nkrataa a wɔtɔn.
19. Luther bere so no, na wɔde bɔne fafiri ho nkrataa di dwuma ɔkwammɔne so dɛn?
19 Luther bere so no, ná ɛnyɛ ateasefo bɔne fafiri nkrataa a popenom akyerɛw nkutoo na wɔtɔn no baguam na mmom awufo de nso. Ná asɛm a wɔtaa ka ne sɛ, “Sɛ sika adaka no mu sika gyigye pɛ a, Ahodwiragya mu ɔkra huruw.” Mpapahwekwa fam no, ɛkame ayɛ sɛ bɔne fafiri ho krataa no bɛyɛɛ ade a ɛbɔ wɔn ho ban wɔ bɔne biara ho asotwe ho, na wobuu ani guu ahonu a wɔbɛkyerɛ so. Erasmus kyerɛwee sɛ: “Wɔtɔn ahodwiragya mu ayayade ho fafiri nkrataa wɔ baabiara; ɛnyɛ sɛ wɔtɔnee nko, na mmom wɔhyɛɛ wɔn a wɔmpɛ no ma wɔtɔe.”
20. (a) Dɛn nti na John Tetzel kɔɔ Jüterbog? (b) Dɛn na Luther yɛe wɔ bɔne fafiri ho nkrataa a na Tetzel tɔn no ho?
20 Wɔ 1517 mu no, Dominic kokorani John Tetzel, kɔɔ Jüterbog, a ɛbɛn Wittenberg sɛ ɔkɔtɔn bɔne fafiri ho nkrataa. Na ɔde sika a obenya no bi bɛsan asi St. Peter’s Basilica a ɛwɔ Rome no. Ná wɔde bɛboa Albert a ofi Brandenburg nso ma watua sika a ɔkɔfɛm de tuaa Roma Baguafo no ka wɔ Mainz ɔsɔfopɔn dibea a wɔde maa no no ho. Tetzel de adetɔn ho nyansa a ɔwɔ nyinaa dii dwuma, na nnipa no piaa wɔn ho yuu baa ne nkyɛn. Luther bo fuwii, na ɔfaa ɔkwantiaa koraa a onyae so daa n’adwene wɔ adeyɛ a ɛte sɛ agodie yi ho adi baguam—denam ne nsɛm 95 a ɔde kɔfam asɔredan no pon ho so.
21. Nsɛm bɛn na Luther ka tiaa bɔne fafiri ho nkrataa a wɔtɔn no?
21 Luther frɛɛ ne nkyerɛkyerɛ 95 no sɛ Disputation for Clarification of the Power of Indulgences. Ná ɛnyɛ n’atirimpɔw titiriw ne sɛ ɔbɛsɔre atia tumi a asɔre no wɔ na mmom sɛ ɔbɛda ade a na wɔyɛ tra so wɔ bɔne fafiri ho nkrataa a popenom tɔn no ho ne nea ɛmfata a na wɔde yɛ no. Yebetumi ahu eyi wɔ nkyerɛkyerɛ a edidi so yi mu:
“5. Pope nni hokwan anaasɛ tumi sɛ ɔde asotwe biara kyɛ, gye nea ɔnam n’ankasa tumi so de ama. . . .
20. Enti sɛ pope no ka sɛ ɔde asotwe nyinaa akyɛ a, ɔnkyerɛ ne nyinaa ankasa, na mmom nea n’ankasa de ama nkutoo. . . .
36. Kristoni biara a ɔte nka sɛ wanu ne ho ankasa no wɔ hokwan sɛ wɔde asotwe ne bɔne befiri no a bɔne fafiri ho nkrataa nhia.”
22. (a) Dɛn na esii bere a Luther nkrasɛm no trɛw no? (b) Dɛn na ɛtoo Luther wɔ 1520 mu, na dɛn na efii mu bae?
22 Esiane sɛ nhomatintim afiri a na wɔyɛe nkyɛe boae nti, ankyɛ na nsusuwii a ɛkanyan nkate yi trɛw kɔɔ Germany mmeae foforo—ne Rome. Ankyɛ na asɛm a efii ase sɛ bɔne fafiri ho nkrataa a wɔtɔn nkyerɛkyerɛ ho akyinnyegye dan gyidi ne popenom tumi ho akyinnyegye. Mfiase no, Roman Asɔre no ne Luther gyee akyinnye na ɛhyɛe sɛ ɔntwe nea ɔkae no nsan. Bere a Luther ampene no, asɔfo ne amammui atumfo nyinaa kasa tiaa no. Wɔ 1520 mu no, pope hyɛɛ mmara a sɛ Luther nnyɛ asɔre, na ɛhyɛe sɛ wɔnhyew ne nhoma ahorow. Luther hyew pope mmara krataa no wɔ baguam de buu wɔn animtiaa. Pope no pam no fii asɔre no mu wɔ 1521 mu.
23. (a) Ná dɛn ne Worms Bagua no? (b) Ɔkwan bɛn so na Luther kaa ne gyinabea ho asɛm wɔ Worms, na dɛn na efii mu bae?
23 Akyiri yi wɔ saa afe no ara mu no, wɔfrɛɛ Luther kɔɔ Worms bagua no anim. Roma Ahemman Kronkron no hempɔn, Charles V, a ɔyɛ Katolekni paa ne nnipa baasia a Germany paw wɔn, ne nyamesom ne amammui akannifo ne nnipa atitiriw foforo dii n’asɛm. Bere a wɔhyɛɛ Luther bio sɛ ɔnsan ntwe nea waka no nsan no, ɔkaa n’asɛm a agye din yi: “Sɛ Kyerɛwnsɛm ne ntease ankasa ammu me fɔ a . . . , mintumi na mentwe biribiara nsan, efisɛ ɛnteɛ na asiane wom sɛ mebu m’ahonim so. Onyankopɔn boa me. Amen.” Enti, ɔhempɔn no twaa no asu. Nanso, Germany mantam a ofi mu sodifo, Elector Frederick, a ofi Saxony boaa no maa no baabi trae wɔ Wartburg abankɛse mu.
24. Dɛn na Luther tumi yɛe bere a na ɔwɔ Wartburg abankɛse mu no?
24 Nanso, nea wɔyɛɛ Luther yi antumi ansiw n’adwenhorow a na ɛretrɛw no ano. Wɔ asram du mu bere a Luther nyaa ahobammɔ wɔ Wartburg abankɛse mu no, otuu ne ho sii hɔ kyerɛw nhoma kyerɛɛ Bible no ase. Ɔkyerɛɛ Hela Kyerɛwnsɛm no ase fii Erasmus Hela Bible no mu kɔɔ German kasa mu. Ɔkyerɛɛ Hebri Kyerɛwnsɛm no ase wɔ ɛno akyi. Ɛbɛdaa adi sɛ na Luther Bible no ne nea nnipa mpapahwekwa no hia. Wɔbɔɔ amanneɛ sɛ “wɔtɔn mpem anum wɔ asram abien mu, ɔpehanu wɔ mfe dumien mu.” Wɔtaa de nkɛntɛnso a anya wɔ German kasa ne amammerɛ so no toto nea King James Version wɔ wɔ Engiresi so no ho.
25. (a) Ɛyɛɛ dɛn na wonyaa edin Protestant no? (b) Dɛn ne Augsburg Mpaemuka no?
25 Mfe a edi Worms Bagua no akyi no, Asesɛwfo no nyaa akyigyinafo pii araa ma wɔ 1526 mu no, ɔhempɔn no maa Germanfo mantam biara hokwan sɛ ɛmpaw n’ankasa asɔre, Lutheran anaasɛ Roman Katolek. Nanso, bere a ɔhempɔn no sakraa saa gyinaesi no wɔ 1529 mu no, Germany mmapɔmma no bi kasa tiae; enti ɛma wɔtoo Ɔsesɛw dwumadi no din sɛ Protestant (Ɔkasatia). Afe a edi hɔ a ɛne 1530 no, ɔhempɔn no bɔɔ mmɔden sɛ obesiesie afanu no ntam wɔ Augsburg Bagua no anim. Luther akyidifo de wɔn gyidi horow a wɔayɛ no nhoma a wɔfrɛ no Augsburg Mpaemuka a Philipp Melanchthon na ɔkyerɛw nanso egyina Luther nkyerɛkyerɛ so mae. Ɛwom sɛ na nhoma no ka nkabom ho asɛm titiriw de, nanso Roman Asɔre no annye antom, na biakoyɛ antumi amma Protestantsom ne Katoleksom ntam. Germany amantam pii kɔɔ Luther afã, na ankyɛ Scandinavia aman nso dii wɔn akyi.
Ɔsesɛw Anaasɛ Atuatew?
26. Sɛnea Luther kyerɛe no, na dɛn ne nsɛntitiriw a ɛde mpaapaemu abɛto Protestantsom ne Katoleksom ntam no?
26 Nsɛntitiriw bɛn na ɛde mpaapaemu baa Protestantfo ne Roman Katolekfo ntam? Sɛnea Luther kyerɛ no, na ɛyɛ abiɛsa. Nea edi kan no, Luther gye di sɛ ‘gyidi nkutoo na wɔnam so bu obi bem’ ma nkwagye, (Latin, sola fide) * na ɛnyɛ bɔne a asɔfo de firi no anaa asotwe a ɔde ma ne ho. Nea ɛto so abien no, ɔkyerɛkyerɛe sɛ Onyankopɔn dom nkutoo so na wɔnam de bɔne firi (sola gratia) na ɛnyɛ asɔfo anaasɛ popenom tumi. Nea etwa to no, Luther kae sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ Kyerɛwnsɛm no foa nkyerɛkyerɛ ho asɛm biara (sola scriptura) so na ɛnyɛ popenom anaa asɔre bagua ahorow.
27. (a) Katolek nkyerɛkyerɛ ne nneyɛe a ennyina Kyerɛwnsɛm so bɛn na Protestantfo ampo? (b) Nsakrae ahorow bɛn na Protestantfo kae sɛ wɔnyɛ?
27 Wɔ eyi nyinaa akyi no, The Catholic Encyclopedia ka sɛ Luther “kuraa tete nkyerɛkyerɛ ne ɔsom mu nneyɛe a ebetumi ne n’adwene wɔ bɔne ne bembu ho ahyia no pii mu.” Augsburg Mpaemuka no kaa Luther akyidifo som ho asɛm sɛ “nea akyerɛwfo nim wɔ asɔre no ho ne sɛ biribiara nni hɔ a ɛne Kyerɛwnsɛm anaa Katolek Asɔre anaasɛ Roman Asɔre no mpo bɔ abira.” Nokwarem no, Luther akyidifo gyidi a wɔka ho asɛm wɔ Augsburg Mpaemuka no mu no bi ne nkyerɛkyerɛ a ɛne Kyerɛwnsɛm bɔ abira te sɛ Baasakoro, ɔkra a enwu da, ne daa ayayadeyɛ, ne nneyɛe te sɛ nkokoaa asubɔ ne asɔre nnapɔnna ne afahyɛ ahorow. Nanso, Luther akyidifo kae sɛ wɔnyɛ nsakrae ahorow bi, mma nnipa no kwan mma wonni abodoo nnom bobesa wɔ Awurade adidi ase, wɔmma asɔfo nware, wongu nkokorafo ntanka ne bɔneka a ɛyɛ ɔhyɛ no. *
28. Dɛn na Ɔsesɛw no tumi yɛe, na dɛn na antumi anyɛ?
28 Ne nyinaa mu no, Ɔsesɛw a Luther ne n’akyidifo kamfo kyerɛe no ma wotumi dee wɔn ho fii pope no kɔndua ase. Nanso sɛnea Yesu kae wɔ Yohane 4:24 no, “Onyankopɔn yɛ honhom, na wɔn a wɔsɔre no no, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔsɔre no honhom ne nokware mu.” Wobetumi aka sɛ Martin Luther maa ɔkwan a adesamma fa so hwehwɛ nokware Nyankopɔn no akyi kwan sakrae kɛkɛ; ná nokware kwan hihiaa no da so ara wɔ akyirikyiri.—Mateo 7:13, 14; Yohane 8:31, 32.
Zwingli Ɔsesɛw Wɔ Switzerland
29. (a) Hena ne Ulrich Zwingli, na ɔkasa tiaa dɛn? (b) Ɔkwan bɛn so na Zwingli ɔsesɛw no yɛ soronko wɔ Luther de no ho?
29 Bere a na Luther ne pope asomafo ne Germany aban mpanyimfo redi apere a adagyew nni mu no, Katolek sɔfo Ulrich Zwingli (1484–1531) fii ne sesɛw dwumadi ase wɔ Zurich, Switzerland. Esiane sɛ German kasa na wɔka wɔ hɔ nti, ná ɔsesɛw a efi kusuu fam no anya nnipa so tumi dedaw. Bɛyɛ 1519 no, Zwingli fii ase kasa tiaa bɔne fafiri ho nkrataa, Maria som, asɔfo a wɔnware ne Katolek Asɔre no nkyerɛkyerɛ foforo. Ɛwom sɛ Zwingli kyerɛe sɛ ɔne Luther nyɛ biako de, nanso ɔne Luther yɛɛ adwene wɔ nneɛma pii ho, na ɔkyekyɛɛ Luther nkratawa wɔ ɔman no mu nyinaa. Nanso nea ɛne nea Luther a na okura tetefo adwene yɛe bɔ abira no, Zwingli kae sɛ wɔmmfa Roman Asɔre no nneɛma biara—ahoni, mmeamudua ahorow, sɔfotade, asɔre nnwom mpo—nnni dwuma bio.
30. Asɛntitiriw bɛn na na Zwingli ne Luther nyɛ adwene wɔ ho?
30 Nanso nea na Asesɛwfo baanu yi adwene nhyia wɔ ho koraa ne Awurade Adidi anaasɛ Mass (Adidi Kronkron) no. Luther hyɛe sɛ wɔmfa nsɛm a Yesu kae sɛ ‘Eyi ne me nipadua’ no sɛnea ɔkae no ara pɛ, na ogye dii sɛ Kristo honam ne ne mogya wɔ Adidi Kronkron no mu abodoo ne bobesã no mu anwonwa kwan so. Nanso Zwingli kae wɔ nea ɔkyerɛw faa On the Lord’s Supper ho no mu sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wobu saa asɛm a Yesu kae no “sɛ sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so de anaa kasakoa; ‘Eyi ne me nipadua’ no kyerɛ sɛ ‘Abodoo no gyina hɔ ma me nipadua,’ anaasɛ ‘ɛyɛ me nipadua ho sɛnkyerɛnne.’” Nsonsonoe yi nti, Asesɛwfo baanu no ntam tetew.
31. Dɛn na efii adwuma a Zwingli yɛe wɔ Switzerland no mu bae?
31 Zwingli kɔɔ so kaa ne nkyerɛkyerɛ foforo no ho asɛm wɔ Zurich, na ɛma wɔyɛɛ nsakrae pii wɔ hɔ. Ankyɛ nkurow foforo suasuaa no, nanso nnipa a wɔwɔ nkuraa dodow no ara a wokura tetefo adwene kɛse no traa Katoleksom mu. Akuw abien yi ntam ntawntawdi no bɛyɛɛ kɛse araa ma Switzerland Protestantfo ne Roman Katolekfo koe. Wokum Zwingli a na ɔsom sɛ asraafo sɔfo no wɔ Kappel ɔsa mu wɔ Zug Ɔtare ho wɔ 1531 mu. Bere a awiei koraa no asomdwoe bae no, wɔmaa ɔmantam biara kwan sɛ ɛmpaw n’ankasa som, Protestant anaasɛ Katolek.
Anabaptistfo, Mennonfo ne Hutterfo
32. Henanom ne Anabaptistfo, na ɛyɛɛ dɛn na wonyaa saa din no?
32 Nanso, Protestantfo bi tee nka sɛ Asesɛwfo no ankasa antia Katolek asɔre no sintɔ ahorow sɛnea ɛsɛ. Na wogye di sɛ asɔrefo anokwafo a wɔbɔ wɔn asu nkutoo na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ Kristofo asɔre no mufo, na ɛnyɛ kurow anaa ɔman bi mufo nyinaa. Enti wɔpoo nkokoaa asubɔ na wɔhyɛe sɛ Asɔre no ntwe ne ho mfi Ɔman no ho. Wɔsan bɔɔ wɔn mfɛfo gyidifo asu wɔ kokoam ma enti wonyaa din Anabaptistfo (ana kyerɛ “bio” wɔ Hela kasa mu). Esiane sɛ wɔpoe sɛ wɔbɛkɔ ɔko, wɔbɛka ntam anaasɛ wobegye aban dibea nti, wobuu wɔn sɛ asiane ma ɔman no, na Katolekfo ne Protestantfo nyinaa taa wɔn.
33. (a) Dɛn na ɛma wɔyɛɛ Anabaptistfo no ayayade? (b) Ɔkwan bɛn so na Anabaptistfo nkɛntɛnso trɛwee?
33 Mfiase no Anabaptisfo no traa ase sɛ akuw nketenkete a wɔahwete wɔ Switzerland, Germany ne Netherlands afa horow. Bere a wɔkaa nea wogye di ho asɛm wɔ baabiara a wɔkɔe no, wɔdɔɔso ntɛmntɛm. Anabaptistfo kuw bi a wɔn som ho nkate nyaa wɔn so nkɛntɛnso kɛse gyee sraadi toom na wɔkɔko faa Münster kurow wɔ 1534 mu de bɔɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛkyekye Yerusalem Foforo a agyapade biara yɛ emufo nyinaa de na wɔware bebree. Wɔnam basabasayɛ kɛse so guu ahyehyɛde no ntɛm ara. Ɛmaa Anabaptistfo nyaa dimmɔne, na ɛkame ayɛ sɛ wɔtɔree wɔn ase. Nokwarem no, ná Anabaptistfo dodow no ara yɛ nyamesomfo kɛkɛ a na wɔrebɔ mmɔden abɔ wɔn nkutoo bra komm. Anabaptistfo a wɔahyehyɛ wɔn yiye asefo no bi ne Mennonitfo, wɔyɛ Dutch Ɔsesɛwfo Menno Simons akyidifo, ne Hutterfo a ná Tyrolni Jacob Hutter tua wɔn ano no. Nea ɛbɛyɛ na wɔakwati ɔtaa no, ebinom tu kɔɔ Europa Apuei fam—Poland, Hungary ne Russia mpo—afoforo nso kɔɔ Amerika Kusuu fam, faako a awiei koraa no wɔbɛyɛɛ Hutterfo ne Amishfo.
Calvinsom Fi Ase
34. (a) Hena ne John Calvin? (b) Nhoma titiriw bɛn na ɔkyerɛwee?
34 Ɔsesɛw adwuma no nyaa nkɔso wɔ Switzerland wɔ Franseni bi a wɔfrɛ no Jean Cauvin anaasɛ John Calvin (1509–64), a osuaa Protestantfo nkyerɛkyerɛ bere a na ɔrekɔ sukuu wɔ France no akwankyerɛ ase. Wɔ 1534 mu no, ɔsom mu ɔtaa maa Calvin fii Paris kɔtraa Basel wɔ Switzerland. Ɔkyerɛw Institutes of the Christian Religion a ɔbɔɔ tete asɔre no agyanom ne mfinimfini mmere mu asɔfo ne Luther ne Zwingli nsusuwii mua wom no de yii Protestantfo ano. Wobuu ne nhoma no sɛ Reformed asɔre ahorow a akyiri yi wɔtew wɔ Europa ne Amerika no nkyerɛkyerɛ fapem.
35. (a) Nkyerɛkyerɛmu bɛn na Calvin de mae wɔ ne nkrabea nkyerɛkyerɛ no ho? (b) Ɔkwan bɛn so na sɛnea nkyerɛkyerɛ yi yɛ den no da adi wɔ Calvin nkyerɛkyerɛ foforo mu?
35 Ɔda ne nyamekyerɛ adi wɔ Institutes mu. Ná Calvin bu Onyankopɔn sɛ otumfoɔ pumpuni a ne pɛ na ɛkyerɛ biribiara na odi biribiara so tumi. Nea ɛne eyi bɔ abira no, onipa a ɔnyɛ pɛ yɛ ɔbɔnefo na ɔnsɛ hwee koraa. Enti nkwagye nnyina onipa nnwuma pa so na mmom Onyankopɔn so—ma enti Calvin de ne nkrabea nkyerɛkyerɛ sii hɔ, nea ɔkyerɛw ho asɛm sɛ:
“Yɛka sɛ, Onyankopɔn nam daa afotu a wontumi nsakra no so akyerɛ wɔn a Obegye wɔn nkwa ne wɔn a Ɔbɛsɛe wɔn nyinaa prɛko. Yesi so dua sɛ afotu yi a ɛfa wɔn a wɔapaw wɔn ho yi gyina ne mmɔborohunu a onnye hwee wɔ ho so, a sɛnea onipa te no mfa ho koraa; nanso wɔn a Obu wɔn fɔ de, ɔnam atemmu a ɛteɛ na asɛm nni ho nanso wontumi nte ase so ato wɔn nkwagye pon mu.”
Sɛnea nkyerɛkyerɛ yi yɛ den no da adi nso wɔ nneɛma foforo mu. Calvin hyɛe sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ Kristofo de abrabɔ kronkron tra ase, na ɛnyɛ bɔne nko na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔtwe wɔn ho fi ho, na mmom anigyede ne nneɛma hunu nso. Afei nso, ɔkae sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ asɔre no a emufo yɛ wɔn a wɔapaw wɔn no de wɔn ho fi ɔman no anohyeto biara ho, ne sɛ wɔnam asɔre no nkutoo so na wobetumi ahyehyɛ adesamma abusua a ɛyɛ papa ankasa.
36. (a) Dɛn na Calvin ne Farel bɔɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛyɛ wɔ Geneva? (b) Ahyɛde katee bɛn na wɔde mae? (d) Adebɔne biako bɛn na efii Calvin nhyehyɛe a emu yɛ den no mu bae, na ɔkwan bɛn so na ɔkyerɛe sɛ nea ɔyɛe no teɛ?
36 Bere a Calvin kyerɛw Institutes no akyi bere tiaa bi no, William Farel, Ɔsesɛwfo foforo a ofi France ka kyerɛɛ no sɛ ɔmmɛtra Geneva. Wɔboom de Calvin nkyerɛkyerɛ bɔɔ wɔn bra. Ná wɔn botae ne sɛ wɔbɛyɛ Geneva Onyankopɔn kurow, Onyankopɔn teokrase nniso a ɛyɛ Asɔre ne Ɔman no adwuma. Wɔde biribiara ho ahyɛde horow katee ne ho asotwe mae, efi nyamesom nkyerɛkyerɛ ne asɔreyɛ so kosi abrabɔ wɔ baguam ne nneɛma te sɛ ahotew ne ogya anosiw mpo so. Abakɔsɛm nhoma bi ka sɛ “sɛ nhwɛso no, wɔde tiyɛfo a ɔyɛ ayeforo bi ti wɔ ɔkwan a wobu no sɛ ɛmfata so no to afiase nnanu; na wɔde asotwe koro no ara ma ɛnã no ne ne nnamfo baanu a wɔboaa adeyɛ no. Na ɔtemmufo de asotwe nso ma wɔ asaw ne sopaa tow nso ho.” Wɔyɛɛ wɔn a wɔne Calvin anyɛ adwene wɔ nyamekyerɛ ho no ayayade, nea enye koraa a wɔyɛe ne sɛ wɔhyew Spainni Miguel Serveto anaa Michael Servetus.—Hwɛ adaka a ɛwɔ kratafa 322 no mu.
37. Ɛyɛɛ dɛn na Calvin nkɛntɛnso trɛw fii Switzerland kɔɔ mmeae foforo?
37 Calvin toaa ne sesɛw no so wɔ Geneva kosii sɛ owui wɔ 1564 mu, na Reformed asɔre no ase timii koraa. Protestantfo asesɛwfo a na wɔreguan ɔtaa wɔ nsase foforo so no piaa wɔn ho koguu Geneva, wogyee Calvin adwene no toom, na wofii ɔsesɛw adwuma ase wɔ wɔn man mu. Ankyɛ na Calvin nkyerɛkyerɛ trɛw kɔɔ France, a Katolekfo taa Huguenotfo (sɛnea ná wɔfrɛ France Calvin Protestantfo no) denneennen. Wɔ Netherlands no, Calvin akyidifo boae ma wɔtew Dutch Reformed Asɔre no. Wɔ Scotland no, wɔtew Scotland Presbiteria Asɔre no te sɛ Calvin de no ara pɛ wɔ John Knox a anka ɔyɛ Katolekfo sɔfo no akwankyerɛ ase. Calvin nkyerɛkyerɛ nso ka ho bi na Ɔsesɛw no kɔɔ so wɔ England, na Puritanfo de fi hɔ kɔɔ Amerika Kusuu fam. Eyi nti, ɛwom sɛ Luther na ofii Protestantfo Ɔsesɛw no ase de, nanso Calvin na ɔma enyaa nkɔso kɛse.
Ɔsesɛw Wɔ England
38. Ɔkwan bɛn so na John Wycliffe adwuma kanyan Protestant honhom wɔ England?
38 Wɔ ɔsesɛw akuw a wɔtew wɔ Germany ne Switzerland akyi no, wobetumi ahu sɛ England Ɔsesɛw no fii ase fii John Wycliffe a asɔfo a ɔkasa tiaa wɔn ne Bible no a osii so dua kanyan Protestantfo wɔ England no bere so. Afoforo suasuaa mmɔden a ɔbɔe sɛ ɔbɛkyerɛ Bible no ase akɔ Engiresi kasa mu no. William Tyndale a oguan fii England no kyerɛɛ Apam Foforo no ase wɔ 1526 mu. Akyiri yi woyii no mae wɔ Antwerp ma wɔsɛn no dua ho na wɔhyew ne funu. Miles Coverdale wiee Tyndale nkyerɛase adwuma no, na woyii Bible mũ no nyinaa adi wɔ 1535 mu. Akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ Bible no a wotintimii wɔ nnipa no kasa mu no yɛ ade biako a tumi wom sen biara a ɛboaa Ɔsesɛw no wɔ England.
39. Dɛn na Henry VIII yɛe wɔ England Ɔsesɛw no mu?
39 Wɔtwee wɔn ho koraa fii Roman Katoleksom ho bere a Henry VIII (1491–1547) a pope frɛɛ no Gyidi Bammɔfo no hyɛɛ mmara a ɛne Act of Supremacy wɔ 1534 mu, na ɔyɛɛ ne ho England Asɔre no ti no. Henry totoo nkokorafi ahorow nso mu, na ɔkyekyɛɛ mu nneɛma maa nnipa atitiriw. Afei nso, ɔhyɛe sɛ wɔmfa Bible a ɛwɔ Engiresi kasa mu biako nto asɔre biara mu. Nanso, amammuisɛm titiriw nti na Henry yɛɛ saa na ɛnyɛ nyamesom. Na nea ɔpɛ ne sɛ ɔbɛde ne ho afi pope tumi ase, titiriw wɔ n’awaresɛm mu. * Ɔsom fam no, ɔkɔɔ so yɛɛ Katolekni wɔ biribiara mu, na edin no nko na wamfa anto ne ho so.
40. (a) Nsakrae bɛn na wɔyɛe wɔ England Asɔre no mu wɔ Elizabeth I ahenni mu? (b) Atuatewfo akuw bɛn na awiei koraa wɔtew wɔ England, Netherlands ne Amerika Kusuu fam?
40 Elizabeth I ahenni a ɛkyɛe (1558–1603) no mu na England Asɔre yɛɛ ade sɛ Protestantfo nanso na wɔahyehyɛ no titiriw te sɛ Katolek asɔre no ara pɛ. Eguu nokwaredi ma pope, asɔfo sigyadi, bɔneka, ne Katolekfo nneyɛe foforo, nanso ekuraa asɔre no nhyehyɛe a ɛfa asɔfopɔn ne asɔfo mpanyin ne nkokorafo ne asɔfo mmea nso ho no mu. * Saa tete nneɛma yi haw adwene kɛse na ɛma wɔtew asɔretiafo akuw pii. Puritanfo hyɛe sɛ wɔnsesɛw asɔre no fefeefe mfa ngu Roman Katolek asɔre no nneyɛe nyinaa mfi mu; Ntetewmufo ne Ahofadifo kae sɛ asɔre no mpanyimfo (presbitafo) nhwɛ asɔre no so. Atuatewfo no pii guan kɔɔ Netherlands anaa Amerika Kusuu fam, na wɔsan kɔhyehyɛɛ wɔn Congregational ne Baptist asɔre no. Wɔtew akuw bi England a wɔfrɛ wɔn Nnamfo Fekuw (Quakerfo) a George Fox (1624–91) na na otua wɔn ano, ne Methodistfo a na John Wesley (1703–91) yɛ wɔn kannifo.—Hwɛ nsɛm a wɔahyehyɛ wɔ ase hɔ no.
Dɛn na Etumi Yɛe?
41. (a) Sɛnea nhomanimfo bi susuw no, nkɛntɛnso bɛn na Ɔsesɛw no nyae wɔ adesamma abakɔsɛm so? (b) Nsɛmmisa bɛn na ɛyɛ aniberesɛm?
41 Bere a yɛasusuw Ɔsesɛw no atitiriw abiɛsa—Luther akyidifo, Calvin akyidifo ne Anglikanfo ho—awie no, ɛsɛ sɛ yɛhwɛ nea Ɔsesɛw no tumi yɛe no. Akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ ɛsakraa Atɔe fam wiase no abakɔsɛm. John F. Hurst kyerɛwee wɔ ne nhoma Short History of the Reformation no mu sɛ: “Ná nea ebefi Ɔsesɛw no mu aba ne sɛ ɛbɛma nnipa ahwehwɛ ahofadi na wɔayɛ ɔmamma a wɔkorɔn na wɔyɛ kronn kɛse. Baabiara a Protestantsom trɛw kɔe no, ɛmaa nnipa mpapahwekwa nyaa ahotoso.” Nhomanimfo pii gye di sɛ, sɛ ɛnyɛ Ɔsesɛw no a, anka yentumi nnya Atɔe fam anibuei a yenim nnɛ no. Sɛnea ɛte biara no, ɛsɛ sɛ yebisa sɛ: Dɛn na Ɔsesɛw no tumi yɛ maa nyamesom? Dɛn na ɛyɛe wɔ hwehwɛ a adesamma hwehwɛ nokware Nyankopɔn no akyi kwan no mu?
42. (a) Dɛn na ɛda adi pefee sɛ ɛne ade a eye paa a Ɔsesɛw no tumi yɛe? (b) Nsɛm bɛn na ɛsɛ sɛ yebisa wɔ nea Ɔsesɛw no tumi yɛe ankasa ho?
42 Akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ ade a eye paa a Ɔsesɛw no yɛe ne sɛ ɛmaa nnipa mpapahwekwa nyaa Bible no wɔ wɔn ankasa kasa mu. Bere a edi kan no, nnipa no nyaa Onyankopɔn Asɛm nyinaa a wɔbɛkenkan na wɔatumi anya honhom mu ahoɔden. Nanso, nokwarem no, pii ho hia sen sɛ wɔbɛkenkan Bible no kɛkɛ. So ɛnyɛ pope tumi nkutoo na Ɔsesɛw no maa nnipa dee wɔn ho fii ho na mmom atoro nkyerɛkyerɛ ne gyidi horow a ɛde wɔn ayɛ nkoa mfehaha pii no nso mu?—Yohane 8:32.
43. (a) Gyidikasɛm ahorow bɛn na nnɛyi Protestant asɔre dodow no ara gye tom, na dɛn na ɛma wogye di? (b) Dɛn na ahofadi honhom ne nneɛma ahorow pii a Ɔsesɛw no de bae no ayɛ wɔ nokware Nyankopɔn no akyi kwan a adesamma hwehwɛ no mu?
43 Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ Protestant asɔre nyinaa gye gyidi koro no ara tom—Nicene, Athanasia ne Asomafo gyidi—na eyinom gye nkyerɛkyerɛ koro no ara te sɛ Baasakoro, ɔkra a enwu da ne hellgya a Katoleksom akyerɛkyerɛ mfehaha pii no di. Nkyerɛkyerɛ a enni Bible mu yi amma nnipa no anhu Onyankopɔn ne n’atirimpɔw yiye. Sɛ anka asɔre pii a ahofadi a Protestant Ɔsesɛw no ma wɔtew no bɛboa nnipa no ma wɔahwehwɛ nokware Nyankopɔn no akyi kwan no, ɛde wɔn akɔfa akwan horow pii so. Nokwarem no, ahorow pii a ɛyɛ ne sakasakayɛ no nti nnipa pii nnye nni sɛ Nyankopɔn wɔ hɔ ankasa. Dɛn na afi mu aba? Wɔ afeha 19 mu no, nnipa pii reka sɛ Onyankopɔn nni hɔ na ebinom nso sɛ wontumi nhu sɛ ɔwɔ hɔ anaa onni hɔ. Ɛno na ɛbɛyɛ yɛn asɛmti a edi hɔ no.
[Ase hɔ nsɛm]
^ nky. 12 Bɔne fafiri ho nkrataa a pope kyerɛw.
^ nky. 26 Luther sii ‘gyidi nkutoo a wɔnam so bu obi bem’ nkyerɛkyerɛ no so dua araa ma ɔde asɛmfua “nkutoo” kaa Romafo 3:28 ho wɔ ne Bible nkyerɛase no mu. Na onnye Yakobo nhoma no ntom papa esiane sɛ ɛka sɛ “gyidi a nnwuma nni mu awu” nti. (Yakobo 2:17, 26) Wanhu wɔ Romafo nhoma no mu sɛ ná Paulo reka Yudafo Mmara nnwuma ho asɛm.—Romafo 3:19, 20, 28.
^ nky. 27 Luther waree Katharina von Bora a anka ɔyɛ ɔbea sɔfo a ná waguan afi Cistercia nkokorafi wɔ 1525 mu no. Wɔwoo mma baasia. Ɔkae sɛ nneɛma abiɛsa nti na ɔwaree: sɛ ɔbɛsɔ ne papa ani, obebu pope no ne Ɔbonsam animtiaa, na wasi n’adanse so dua ansa na ne mogya dansefo wu adu.
^ nky. 39 Ná Henry VIII wɔ yerenom baasia. Otwaa n’aware a edi kan mu de buu pope no apɛde so, na biako nso gui. Ɔma wotwaa ne yerenom baanu ti, na baanu ankasa wuwui.
^ nky. 40 Wɔakyerɛ Hela asɛmfua e·piʹsko·pos ase sɛ “bishop” [ɔsɔfo panyin] wɔ Engiresi Bible te sɛ King James Version mu.
[Adesua no ho Nsɛmmisa]
[Adaka/Mfonini ahorow wɔ kratafa 322]
“Baasakoro no mu Mfomso Ahorow”
Bere a na Michael Servetus (1511–53), Spainni mmaranimfo ne oduruyɛfo adi mfe 20 no, ɔkyerɛw De Trinitatis erroribus (Baasakoro no mu Mfomso Ahorow), a ɔkaa wom sɛ ɔremfa “asɛmfua Baasakoro a enni Kyerɛwnsɛm mu, a ɛte sɛ nea nyansapɛ mu mfomso nkutoo na ɛma enya nkɔso no nni dwuma” no. Ɔkasa tiaa Baasakoro no sɛ “ɛyɛ nkyerɛkyerɛ a wontumi nte ase, entumi nyɛ yiye wɔ awosu mu, na wobetumi abu no sɛ abususɛm mpo!”
Esiane sɛ na Servetus ka nsɛm penpen nti, Katolek Asɔre no buu no fɔ. Nanso Calvin akyidifo na wɔma wɔkyeree no dii n’asɛm na wɔhyew no brɛoo kum no. Calvin de nsɛm yi kyerɛe sɛ nea ɔyɛe no teɛ: “Sɛ Roma Katolekfo de atirimɔden ne basabasayɛ bɔ wɔn gyidihunu ho ban araa ma wɔde abufuhyew hwie mogya a edi bem gu a, so ɛnyɛ Kristofo atemmufo aniwu sɛ wɔmfa nnamyɛ a ennu saa mmɔ nokware turodoo no ho ban?” Calvin nyamesom mu kateeyɛ ne nitan ma obuu atɛnkyea na ɛsɛee Kristofo nnyinasosɛm ahorow.—Fa toto Mateo 5:44 ho.
[Mfonini ahorow]
John Calvin, benkum so, ma wɔhyew Michael Servetus, nifa so, kum no sɛ ɔsom mu otuatewfo
[Nsɛm a wɔahyehyɛ wɔ kratafa 327]
(Wopɛ nsɛm a wɔahyehyɛ awie no a, hwɛ nhoma no mu)
Kristoman Som Atitiriw Ho Asɛm Kakra
Ɔwae Mfiase - Afeha a Ɛto So 2
Roman Katolek Asɔre
Afeha a Ɛto So 4 (Konstantino)
Afeha a Ɛto So 5 Coptic
Jacobite
1054 Y.B. Apuei Fam Ortodoks
Russiafo
Greekfo
Romaniafo ne afoforo
Afeha a Ɛto So 16 Ɔsesɛw
Luther Akyidifo
Germanfo
Swedenfo
Amerikafo ne afoforo
Anglikan
Episcopal
Methodist
Salvation Army
Baptist
Pentekostfo
Congregational
Calvin Akyidifo
Presbiteriafo
Reformed Asɔre Ahorow
[Kratafa 307 mfonini ahorow]
Afeha a ɛto so 16 mu mfonini yi de po a Kristo poo sikasesafo toto bɔne fafiri ho nkrataa a pope tɔn ho
[Kratafa 311 mfonini ahorow]
Jan Hus sɛn dua ho
Engiresini Ɔsesɛwfo ne Bible asekyerɛfo John Wycliffe
[Kratafa 314 mfonini ahorow]
Martin Luther, nifa so, kasa tiaa bɔne fafiri ho nkrataa a John Tetzel tɔn no
