Asase So Nneɛma Dodow so Rehuan

“Adebɔ mu nneɛma nyinaa dan wɔn ho wɔn ho, na mfomso a kan yedii no, yɛretwa so aba nnɛ.”—Africa Wildlife ho nsɛmma nhoma.

SƐNEA Wuram Mmoadoma ne Afifide a Ɛwɔ Wiase Nyinaa Ho Foto fekuw kyerɛ no, efi 1980 mfe no mu hɔ no, nnipa de asase so nneɛma adi dwuma ntɛmntɛm asen sɛnea ebetumi asi ne ho ananmu. * Nanso ɛno yɛ adanse biako pɛ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ nnipa de abɔde mu nneɛma adi dwuma ma atra so.

Ade foforo nso a ɛma yehu tebea no ne nea ɛrekɔ so wɔ adebɔ mu nneɛma mu no. Adebɔ mu nneɛma a nkwa wom ne nea nkwa nnim nyinaa dan wɔn ho wɔn ho wɔ wɔn atrae mu araa ma ɛyɛ den sɛ wobɛte ase. Nea ɛma yehu adebɔ mu nneɛma ahoɔden no gyina kwae, asubɔnten ne ɛpo mu mmoa ahorow no dodow so—eyinom na ɛbom yɛ nea Wuram Mmoadoma ne Afifide a Ɛwɔ Wiase Nyinaa Ho Foto fekuw no frɛ no Living Planet Index no. Wɔ 1970 ne 2000 ntam hɔ no, abɔde ahorow yi dodow so tewee bɛyɛ 100 mu nkyem 37.

Nea Ɛdɔɔso a Ɛbɛso Obiara Wɔ Hɔ?

Sɛ wote ɔman a wodi yiye mu a nneɛma ahyɛ sotɔɔ mu ma, na ɔmanfo tumi tɔ ade nnɔnhwerew 24 mu a, ɛbɛyɛ den sɛ wubesusuw sɛ bere bi reba a asase so nneɛma dodow so behuan. Nanso asase so nnipa kakraa bi pɛ na wodi yiye. Nnipa dodow no ara di apere da biara ansa na wɔn nsa akɔ wɔn ano. Sɛ nhwɛso no, wɔabu akontaa sɛ nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem abien na wodi dɔla abiɛsa anaa nea ennu saa da biara, na ɔpepepem abien nso nni anyinam nkanea.

Nnipa binom de ohia a aman a afei na wɔrefifi sẽ di no ho sobo bɔ aguadi nhyehyɛe a aman a wodi yiye de asi hɔ no. Vital Signs 2003 nhoma no ka sɛ: “Wiase no sikasɛm ntotoe nam akwan horow so ma ahiafo ho kyere wɔn.” Bere a nnipa dodow no ara redi apere sɛ wobenya wɔn kyɛfa wɔ asase so nneɛma a ɛho kɔ so yɛ den na ne bo nso nna fam koraa mu no, aman a wonni sika no ntumi ne wɔn a wɔwɔ wɔn biribi di no nsi akan wɔ aguadi mu. Ɛno nso bue hokwan ma adefo nya asase so nneɛma pii tɔ.

Kwae a Ɛresa

Wɔabu akontaa sɛ nnipa a wɔwɔ Africa no 100 mu nkyem 80 na wɔde nnyina noa aduan. Bio nso, South Africa nsɛmma nhoma Getaway ka sɛ: “Wɔ wiase nyinaa no, Afrika na nnipa wo mma paa, na wɔn mu dodow no ara na wotu kɔtra nkurow akɛse mu.” Nea afi mu aba ne sɛ wɔ nkurow akɛse bi mu no, wɔatwa nnua a ɛbemmɛn no nyinaa kɔ akyiri bɛyɛ akwansin 60. Eyi na asi wɔ Sahel asasetam a nsu ntaa ntɔ wɔ so a ɛwɔ Sahara Anhweatam  no anaafo fam no. Ɛnyɛ sɛ wotwaa saa nnua no gui ara kwa. Ɔbenfo Samuel Nana-Sinkam ka sɛ, ‘Afrikafo dodow no ara sɛe wɔn ankasa atrae sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wobenya biribi adi.’

Wɔ Amerika Anafo Fam de, tebea no yɛ soronko koraa. Sɛ nhwɛso no, nnwumakuw bɛyɛ 7,600 na wɔwɔ tumi krataa a wɔde twa nnua wɔ kwaebirentuw a ɛwɔ Brazil no mu. Nnwumakuw yi mu dodow no ara wɔ sika yiye na wɔwɔ nnwuma wɔ aman ahorow so. Adwumakuw bi tɔ mahogany (korobaa) dutan biako bɛyɛ dɔla 30. Nanso ebedu bere a aguadifo ne wɔn a wɔde nnua yɛ adwuma no de wɔn mfaso begu so ansa na adu beae a wɔtɔn nkongua no, saa dua koro no ara bo betumi akodu dɔla 130,000. Enti ɛnyɛ nwonwa sɛ wobu mahogany sɛ dua a sika wom.

Wɔatintim Brazil kwaebirentuw a wɔresɛe no no ho nsɛm pii. Mfonini a wotwa fi wim ma yehu sɛ, wɔ 1995 ne 2000 ntam hɔ no, na Brazil kwae a wɔsɛe no afe biara no kɛse bɛboro akwansin 7,000. Brazil nsɛmma nhoma Veja bɔ amanneɛ sɛ: “Sɛnea wɔresɛe kwae ntɛmntɛm no yɛ hu, na ɛkyerɛ sɛ anibu awotwe biara wɔsɛe kwae a ne kɛse ne agoprama a wɔbɔ so bɔɔl yɛ pɛ.” Nea yebetumi ahyɛ ne nsow ne sɛ, wɔbɔɔ amanneɛ sɛ wɔ afe 2000 mu no, United States nkutoo kraa mahogany a Brazil de kɔɔ amannɔne no bɛboro 100 mu nkyem 70.

Saa ara na kwae a wɔsɛe no ho asɛm te wɔ wiase afã foforo nso. Sɛ nhwɛso no, wɔ mfe 50 a atwam no, wɔasɛe Mexico kwae ne kwaebirentuw fã. Na Philippines kwae a wɔsɛe no mpo de, yɛrentumi nka ho asɛm. Afe biara, wɔsɛe saa ɔman no kwae bɛyɛ akwansin 380, na wɔ afe 1999 mu no, wobuu akontaa sɛ, sɛ nneɛma kɔ so saa ara a, wɔ mfe du mu no, ɔman no kwae bɛyɛ nkyem abiɛsa mu abien bɛsɛe.

Ebetumi agye mfe 60 kosi mfe 100 ansa na dua anyin yiye, nanso simma kakraa bi na wɔde bu. Ɛsɛ sɛ ɛyɛ yɛn nwonwa sɛ nnua foforo ntumi nyin ntɛmntɛm mmesi nea wobu no ananmu?

Asasebere a Ɛresa

Sɛ wotwa asase so nnua nyinaa a, ɛma asase no so da mpan, na ɛnkyɛ na ani awo ma sɛ mframa bɔ a, etu dɔte no anaa nsunsuan tumi twe bi kɔ.

Nsu anaa mframa tumi twe asase ani dɔte kɔ nanso tebea no tumi yɛ hu bere a nnipa amfa asase anni dwuma yiye no. Sɛ nhwɛso  no, China Today nsɛmma nhoma no ka sɛ, ahum a etu anhwea ne nneɛma afoforo bi te sɛ kwae a wɔsɛe no ne mmoa a wɔwe nwura a ɛwɔ asase ani nyinaa no “ama anhweatam nsase atrɛw ntɛmntɛm.” Nsu a ɛntaa ntɔ kɛse nnansa yi no ama mframa nwininwini a efi Siberia no taa bɔ fa China man no atɔe ne atifi atɔe nsase so. Eyi atu anhwea a ne kɔla yɛ akokɔsrade ne mfuturu pii kɔ, ma ebi akɔ akyiri akodu Korea ne Japan. China asasetam bɛyɛ 100 mu nkyem 25 na nnɛ adan anhweatam.

Ade koro yi ara na ama Africa nsase asɛe. Africa Geographic nsɛmma nhoma ka sɛ: “Sɛ akuafo dɔw kwae de dua aburo a, wonwie no na asase no mu srade atu.” Wɔabu akontaa sɛ, sɛ wɔdɔw asase bi twa so nnua a, mfe abiɛsa pɛ akyi no na asase no mu nnuannuru 100 mu nkyem 50 afi mu. Enti, nsɛmma nhoma no de ka ho sɛ: “Asasetam akɛse asɛe dedaw a yɛde yɛ hwee a ɛnyɛ yiye, na saa ara nso na asasetam pii gu so resɛe, na ama nnuan a wonya fi kuayɛ mu no so tew afe biara wɔ mmeae bi.”

Wɔkyerɛ sɛ afe biara nsu ne mframa twe Brazil dɔte tɔn ɔpepem 500 kɔ. Mexico Asoɛe a Ɛhwɛ Abɔde Mu Nneɛma So ka sɛ mfõfõ 100 mu nkyem 53, kwaebirentuw 100 mu nkyem 59 ne kwae 100 mu nkyem 72 na nsunsuan ne mframa asɛe no. Bere a Amanaman Nkabom ma Mpɔntu Dwuma reka eyinom nyinaa ho asɛm no, ɛbɔɔ amanneɛ sɛ “dɔte a nsu ne mframa twe kɔ paa na ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ɛsɛe nsase a wɔyɛ kuadwuma wɔ so no mu nkyem abiɛsa mu abien wɔ wiase nyinaa. Ne saa nti, nnɔbae a wonya fi kuadwuma mu no so retew ntɛmntɛm, bere a nnipa kɔ so ara dɔɔso.”

Nsu—Yenya no Kwa, nanso Ehia Paa

Onipa betumi atra ase ɔsram biako a onnidi, nanso sɛ wannom nsu bɛyɛ dapɛn biako pɛ a, obewu. Enti animdefo kyerɛ sɛ nsupa a ɛso retew no bɛma ntawntawdi kɛse aba nnipa ntam daakye. Sɛnea 2002 Time nsɛmma nhoma amanneɛbɔ bi kyerɛ no, nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem biako na wonnya nsupa nnom wɔ wiase nyinaa.

Nneɛma pii na ɛma nsu ho yɛ den. Wɔ France no, efĩ ka ho bi na nsu ho yɛ den, na ɛyɛ ade a ɛhaw nnipa pii. Atesɛm krataa Le Figaro ka sɛ: “Efĩ ahyɛ France nsubɔnten mu ma.” Nyansahufo ahwehwɛ mu ahu sɛ nea ɛde ɔhaw no ba ne nnuru bi a ɛwɔ ɔyɛ-asase-yiye mu titiriw a nsunsuan twe kogu nsu mu no. Atesɛm krataa no ka sɛ: “Wɔ 1999 mu no, France nsubɔnten twee nnuru a ɛwɔ ɔyɛ-asase-yiye mu no tɔn 375,000 koguu Atlantic Po mu. Eyi reyɛ ayɛ dodow a ɛtwe koguu mu wɔ 1985 no mmɔho abien.”

Saa ara na ɛte wɔ Japan. Nea ɛbɛyɛ na wɔakɔ so anya nnuan ama ɔmanfo wɔ saa man no mu no, Yutaka Une a ɔda adɔekuw bi a ɛhwɛ kuayɛ mu bammɔ so ano no ka sɛ, “nea akuafo betumi ayɛ ara ne sɛ wɔde ɔyɛ-asase-yiye a nnuru wom ne nnuru a wɔde kunkum mmoawammoawa bedua mfunne sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wobenya aduan dodow ama ɔmanfo.” Eyi ama asase ase nsu mu ayɛ fĩ—ɛno na Tokyo IHT Asahi Shimbun frɛ no “ɔhaw kɛse a ɛredɔɔso wɔ Japan nyinaa no.”

 Atesɛm krataa Reforma bɔ amanneɛ sɛ wɔ Mexico no, nyarewa 100 mu nkyem 35 “fi nneɛma a ɛwɔ wɔn atrae.” Bio nso, nhwehwɛmu a ɔsoafo a ɔhwɛ akwahosan so yɛe ma ɛbɛdaa adi sɛ “ɔman no mu nnipa 4 biara mu 1 nni ɛkã a nsufĩ fa mu fi wɔn fie; nnipa bɛboro ɔpepem 8 na wɔnom asubura, asubɔnten, atare ne asuten; ɛnna nnipa bɛboro ɔpepem biako nya wɔn nsu fi kar a wɔtɔn nsu no nkyɛn.” Ɛnyɛ nwonwa sɛ nnipa a wonya ayamtu wɔ Mexico no 100 mu nkyem 90 fi nsufĩ a wɔnom no!

Brazil nsɛmma nhoma Veja ka sɛ: “Ɛnyɛ awia a ano yɛ den, anhwea fitaa ne po nsu a ani yɛ bruu nkutoo na ɛwɔ Rio mpoano. Obi kɔ hɔ a, otumi nya yare mmoawa a wɔtaa tra nnipa ne mmoa nsono akɛse mu no bi nso. Afei nso ɛwom a fango tumi hwie gu po no mu.” Nea ama aba saa ne sɛ, akã a ɛwɔ Brazil no bɛboro 100 mu nkyem 50 na ɛtene kogu nsubɔnten, atare ne po mu tẽẽ a wonyi mu fĩ biara. Eyi taa ma nsupa ho yɛ den. Efĩ ahyɛ nsubɔnten a atwa Brazil kuropɔn São Paulo ho ahyia no mu ma araa ma nnɛ wɔtwe nsu a wɔnom no fi beae a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri bɛyɛ akwansin 60.

Wɔ wiase no fã foforo te sɛ Australia no, nea ama nsu ho ayɛ den no fi wɔn nsu a ayɛ nkyene nkyene no. Wɔde mfe pii hyɛɛ nsase wuranom nkuran sɛ wɔnnɔw wɔn nsase mfa nnua nnɔbae. Esiane sɛ nnua kakraa bi na aka a ɛtwetwe asase no mu nsu nti, nsu a adɔɔso wɔ asaase mu no ama nkyene a ɛwɔ asase ase no abɛtaataa asase ani. Australia Nyansahu ne Nhwehwɛmu Nkabom Kuw ka sɛ: “Nkyene asɛe asase a ne kɛse bɛyɛ sɛ nhama 2,500,000. Asase yi fa kɛse no ara yɛ Australia asasebere paa a na anka wodua so nnɔbae.”

Nnipa binom gye di sɛ, sɛ ɛnyɛ mfaso a Australia mmarahyɛfo no ani gyee ho mmom sen ɔmanfo yiyedi a, anka wobetumi akwati ɔhaw a nsu a ayɛ nkyene de aba no. Hugo Bekle a ɔwɔ Edith Cowan Sukuupɔn a ɛwɔ Perth, Australia no ka sɛ: “Efi 1917 mu tɔnn na wɔka kyerɛɛ aban sɛ nkyene betumi asɛe asase no fã bi a awi titiriw na wodua wɔ so no. Wɔ 1920 mfe no mu hɔ no, wɔkaa nkɛntɛnso a nnua a wɔrebu gu betumi anya wɔ nsuten a ɛdan nkyene nkyene so no ho asɛm kyerɛɛ ɔmanfo, na 1930 mfe no mu hɔ no, Asoɛe a Ɛhwɛ Kuayɛ So no gyee toom sɛ nnua a wobu gu na ama nsu redɔɔso wɔ  asase ani no. Wɔ 1950 mu no, Nyansahu ne Nhwehwɛmu Nkabom Kuw no yɛɛ nhwehwɛmu maa [Australia] Aban no, . . . nanso aban a ɛtoatoa so bae no kɔɔ so buu wɔn ani guu kɔkɔbɔ yi so, na wɔbɔɔ nyansahufo no gui sɛ wokura adwemmɔne.”

Nnipa Nkwa Da Asiane Mu

Akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ nnipa kura adwempa wɔ nneɛma pii a wɔyɛ ho. Nanso sɛnea ɛtaa si no, yennim abɔde mu nneɛma ho nsɛm pii a ɛbɛma yɛahu nea ebefi yɛn nneyɛe mu aba no nyinaa pɛpɛɛpɛ. Nea afi mu aba no yɛ adesɛe kɛse. Tim Flannery a ɔyɛ Tete Nneɛma Akorae a ɛwɔ Australia Anafo Fam no kwankyerɛfo ka sɛ: “Nnipa ayɛ sɛnea nneɛma kɔ so pɛpɛɛpɛ wɔ asetram no basaa araa ma yɛresɛe asase a yɛn nkwa gyina so no mpo, na eyi de yɛn nkwa ato asiane mu.”

Dɛn ne ano aduru? So bere bi bɛba a adesamma behu sɛnea wɔbɛhwɛ abɔde mu nneɛma so yiye? So ɛyɛ ampa sɛ wobetumi agye okyinnsoromma a ɛne Asase yi?—g05 1/8.

[Ase hɔ asɛm]

[Adaka wɔ kratafa 18]

Nsu Kakra Biara Nsua

Akwan tiawa a yebetumi afa so akora nsu pii so.

● Siesie dorobɛn a ɛsosɔ no.

● Nsɛe nsu pii bere a woreguare no.

● Sɛ woreyi w’abogyesɛ anaa woretwitwi wo sẽ a, mmue nsu nsi so.

● Boaboa nneɛma fĩ ano ma ɛnnɔɔso kakra ansa na woasi. (Saa ara nso na ɛte wɔ afiri a wɔde hohorow nkuku mu ho.)

[Adaka/Mfonini wɔ kratafa 19]

Nsɛe Nsu, Na Prɔmprɔm Nte Hɔ Daa

● Atesɛm krataa The Canberra Times bɔ amanneɛ sɛ, ɛmfa ho sɛ Australia yɛ asasepɔn a ɔpɛ si hɔ paa sen wiase mmeae foforo no, wɔde nsu a wonya fi nsuka mu bɛboro 100 mu nkyem 90 “gugu nnɔbae so denam akã nketenkete a wotu ma nsu fa mu bɛtaataa asase so no so. Saa kwan dedaw yi ara so na tete Faraonom fae bere a na wɔresi Misrifo abodan no.”

● Wɔ wiase nyinaa no, sɛ wɔkyekyɛm pɛpɛɛpɛ a, nsu a obiara de di dwuma afe biara (a nsu a wɔde yɛ kua ne mfiridwuma ka ho) yɛ galɔn 145,000. Nanso obi a ɔte Amerika Atifi fam de nsu bɛyɛ galɔn 423,000 na edi dwuma afe biara. Ɔman bi a kan na ɛka Russia adehyeman ho no na wɔde nsu di dwuma paa. Sɛ wɔkyekyɛm pɛpɛɛpɛ a, ɔman no muni biara de nsu bɛyɛ galɔn 1,400,000 na edi dwuma afe biara.

● Atesɛm krataa Africa Geographic yɛɛ mfusase a ne kɛse fata a ɔman bi hia na ama wɔatumi adua nnɔbae a wodi nyinaa ho nhwehwɛmu. Sɛnea atesɛm krataa no kyerɛ no, ‘sɛ wɔkyekyɛm pɛpɛɛpɛ a, wohia asase a ne kɛse yɛ nhama 10 na wɔde adua aduan dodow a South Afrikani biako di no afe biara. Nanso asase a ɔman no wɔ betumi ama obiara adɔw afuw a ne kɛse yɛ nhama 6 pɛ.’

[Mfonini wɔ kratafa 17]

Sahel asase a wɔatwa so nnua nyinaa wɔ Burkina Faso. Mfe 15 a atwam no, na nnua ahyɛ saa beae yi ma

[Asɛm Fibea]

© Jeremy Hartley/Panos Pictures

 [Mfonini wɔ kratafa 20]

Asase a wɔdɔw na wɔhyew so de yɛ kua no resɛe kwaebirentuw wɔ Cameroon

[Asɛm Fibea]

© Fred Hoogervorst/Panos Pictures

[Mfonini wɔ kratafa 20]

Kar mu ntutuw a ɛsɛe mframa da so ara haw nnipa wɔ United States

[Mfonini wɔ kratafa 20, 21]

Wɔ 1995 ne 2000 ntam hɔ no, na Brazil kwae a wɔsɛe no afe biara no kɛse bɛboro akwansin 7,000

[Asɛm Fibea]

© Ricardo Funari/SocialPhotos.com

[Mfonini wɔ kratafa 21]

Nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem abien na wodi dɔla abiɛsa anaa nea ennu saa da biara

[Asɛm Fibea]

© Giacomo Pirozzi/Panos Pictures

[Mfonini wɔ kratafa 21]

Mmɔnkɔ mfuw a wɔyɛ no asɛe asase ase nsu a ɛtene begu asubura a ɛwɔ India akuraa yi ase no

[Asɛm Fibea]

© Caroline Penn/Panos Pictures