Udliwano-ndlebe Nengcali Yamachiza

NGOWE-1996, uMichael J Behe, ngoku ongunjingalwazi wamachiza kwiLehigh University yaseUnited States, wapapasha incwadi ethi Darwin’s Black Box—The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution. Inkupho kaVukani! yesiNgesi kaMeyi 8, 1997 yayinongcelele lwamanqaku ayenomxholo othi “Sabakho Njani? Ngokudalwa Okanye Ngengozi?” nawayebhekisela kwincwadi kaBehe. Kwiminyaka elishumi emva kokupapashwa kwencwadi ethi Darwin’s Black Box, izazinzulu ezifundisa indaleko zazama ukuyigalel’ amanzi ingcamango kaBehe. Aba bagxeki bathi okaBehe wayemfanyekiswe ziinkolelo zakhe zonqulo kwindlela yakhe yokubona izinto zenzululwazi—phofu yena, engumRoma Katolika. Abanye balilisela ngelithi akaqiqi njengesazinzulu. Ababhali bakaVukani! baye badlan’ indlebe noNjingalwazi Behe ukuze bazi isizathu sokuba iingcango zakhe zidale esi siphithiphithi.

UVUKANI!: KUTHENI UCINGA UKUBA INDALO INGQINA UKUBA KUKHO UMYILI OKRELEKRELE?

UNJINGALWAZI BEHE: Xa sibona izinto ezintsonkothileyo sidla ngokucinga ukuba ziye zayilwa ngumntu othile. Khawucinge ngokomzekelo ngoomatshini esibasebenzisa mihla le—umatshini wokucheba ingca, imoto okanye izinto nje eziqhelekileyo. Umzekelo endithanda ukuwusebenzisa ngumgibe weempuku. Ugqiba kwelokuba wenziwe ngumntu othile kuba unamalungu ahlukahlukeneyo abangela ukuba ukwazi ukubambisa iimpuku.

Inzululwazi yenze inkqubela ngokutyhila isiseko sobomi. Okumangalisayo kukuba izazinzulu ziye zacinga ngoomatshini abancinane ukuze zifanekisele inkqubo yokusebenza kweemolekyuli emzimbeni. Ngokomzekelo, phakathi kwiseli ephilayo kukho izinto ezifana neelori ezincinane ezithwala izondlo ukusuka kwelinye icala leseli ukuya kwelinye. Kukho izinto ezifana nezalathisi ezincinane ezixelela ezi lori ukuba zijike ekhohlo okanye ekunene. Ezinye iiseli ngathi ziineenjini ezincinane eziqhuba ezi seli ukuba zihambe phezu kwamanzi. Nokuba uyijonga njani le nto, xa abantu bebona ukuntsonkotha okunjalo bagqiba kwelokuba ezo zinto ziye zenziwa ngomntu othile. Asinayo enye indlela esinokuyichaza ngayo le nto, phezu kwazo nje izinto ezithethwa ngabo bakholelwa kwiingcamango zikaDarwin zendaleko. Lisiko lethu yaye linenkqayi ukuvuma ukuba xa izinto zilungelelene ngolu hlobo zidiza ukuba kukho umyili, yaye umyili okrelekrele wendlela umzimba wethu osebenza ngayo.

UVUKANI!: UCINGA UKUBA YINTONI EBANGELA OOGXA BAKHO ABANINZI BAZALEL’ ENDLE XA UTHETHA NGOMYILI OKRELEKRELE?

UNJINGALWAZI BEHE: Izazinzulu ezininzi azivumelani nam kuba ziyaqonda ukuba xa kuthethwa ngomyili okrelekrele, oko kufuna enye ingcaciso  yenzululwazi—leyo yinto engaphaya kwemvelo. Xa ezinye kufuneka zifikelele kweso sigqibo suke zibe mathidala. Eny’ into, mna ndafundiswa ukuba inzululwazi kufuneka ibe nobungqina. Ngokwendlela endibona ngayo, kukungabi namqolo ukucinga ukuba ingcamango ethile enobungqina ifanele igatywe kuba nje ingathandwa ngabaninzi abaziinkcuba-buchopho.

UVUKANI!: UBAPHENDULA NJANI ABAGXEKI ABATHI INGCAMANGO YOMYILI OKRELEKRELE IMFAMEKISA ABANTU?

UNJINGALWAZI BEHE: Ukugqiba kwelokuba kukho umyili akudizi ukuba iingqondo zabantu zimfanyekisiwe. Ukwamkela ukuba kukho umyili okrelekrele akuxhomekekanga koko singakwaziyo; kodwa koko sikwaziyo. Xa uDarwin wayepapasha incwadi yakhe ethi The Origin of Species malunga neminyaka eli-150 eyadlulayo, ubomi babungathi buyinto nje engantsonkothanga. Izazinzulu zazicinga ukuba iseli yayinokusuka nje ivele kudaka lwaselwandle. Kodwa ukususela ngoko, izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa ukuba iiseli zinobugocigoci obungaphezulu lee kunoomatshini benkulungwane yama-21. Obo bugocigoci buchaza ukuyilwa okunenjongo.

UVUKANI!: NGABA INZULULWAZI IYE YANGQINA UKUBA INDALEKO, ISEBENZISA AMANDLA ENDALO OKUZIKHETHELA, INOKUVELISA OOMATSHINI OTHETHE NGABO ABAFUZISELA IMOLEKYULI?

UNJINGALWAZI BEHE: Ukuba uphengulula iincwadi zenzululwazi, uya kufumanisa ukuba akukho namnye owakha wakulinga oko—ndithetha ukulinga okunzulu kwenzululwazi—ukuze afumanise ukuba aba matshini babakho njani ngokwenkqubo kaDarwin. Oku kunjalo phezu kwako nje ukuba kwiminyaka elishumi eyadlulayo incwadi yam ipapashiwe, imibutho emininzi yenzululwazi njengeNational Academy of Science kunye neAmerican Association for the Advancement of Science iye yahlab’ ikhwelo kumalungu ayo ukuba enze konke okusemandleni ukuze ayisuse neengcambu ingcamango yokuba kukho ubungqina bomyili okrelekrele.

UVUKANI!: UBAPHENDULA NJANI ABO BATHI KUKHO AMAKHWINIBA KWINDLELA IZILWANYANA NEZITYALO EZIYILWE NGAYO?

UNJINGALWAZI BEHE: Kuba nje singasazi isizathu sokubakho kwelungu elithile, akuthethi kuthi elo lungu alibalulekanga. Ngokomzekelo, loo malungu omzimba ekwakusithiwa akabalulekanga, kwakucingwa ukuba akhiwe kakubi. Uthunjana kunye namadlala omqala kwakucingwa ukuba ngamalungu angenanjongo yaye ngokuqhelekileyo ayekhutshwa emntwini. Kodwa kamva kwafunyaniswa ukuba la malungu anendima ephambili kwinkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela yaye ngoku akasaziwa njengamalungu angenamsebenzi.

Enye inkalo ekufuneka siyikhumbule kukuba kwizifundo ngendalo kuthiwa ezinye izinto zibakho ngamabona-ndenzile. Ngenxa yokuba imoto yam inesifotho okanye ngenxa yokuba ivili lemoto liphelelwe ngumoya oko akuthethi kuthi ivili okanye imoto azizange ziyilwe. Ngokufanayo ke, isibakala sokuba ezinye izinto zizivelela oko akuthethi ukuthi ubugocigoci bokusebenza kwemolekyuli kwabakho ngamabona-ndenzile. Bubuvuvu loo nto.

[Amagama acatshulweyo akwiphepha 12]

“Ngokwendlela endibona ngayo, kukungabi namqolo ukucinga ukuba ingcamango ethile enobungqina ifanele igatywe kuba nje ingathandwa ngabaninzi abaziinkcuba-buchopho”